Half caste is a term for a mixed or ethnic race category. This is derived from the term caste , which comes from the Latin castus , which means pure, and the Portuguese and Spanish derivatives
The terms half-caste caste, caste , caste quarters , "mix-breed" etc. It is widely used by ethnographers in the British colonies to try to classify indigenous peoples. In Latin America, the equivalent term for half-caste is Cholo and Zambo .
Video Half-caste
Australia
In Australia, the term half-caste is widely used in the 19th and early 20th century Commonwealth laws to refer to white descendants and Aboriginal inhabitants of the continent. For example, the 1886 Aboriginal Protection Act states that some castes are accustomed to associate with or live with Aboriginal people, while the Aboriginal Amendment between 1934 and 1937 refers to it in various terms, including as people with less blood than quadroons. Literature then, as by Tindale, refers to it in the form of half, quadroon, octoroon, and other hybrids.
The term half caste is not only limited to legal comfort. This became a common cultural discourse and emerged even in religious records. For example, John Harper notes, from the records of the Christian mission of Woolmington, that half-caste and anyone with indigenous connections are considered "degraded for divine things, almost on the level of a rough, in a state of moral ignorance for heaven".
This term is enshrined in the Half-Caste Act whereby the Australian government can seize such children and forcibly transfer them from their parents, theoretically to give them a better home than that given by typical Aboriginal people, where they can grow into domestic workers. helpers and for social engineering. Deleted children are known as Stolen Generations. Other British Commonwealth Acting on half-caste and Aboriginal tribes enacted between 1909 and 1943 as well, in theory, called Welfare, in laws ignore these people from basic civil, political and economic rights and make it illegal to enter the premises - public places such as pubs and government agencies, married, or met family.
Maps Half-caste
New Zealand
The term half caste to classify people based on birth and their ancestors became popular in New Zealand since the early 19th century. Terms such as Anglo-New Zealander suggested by John Polack in 1838, Utu Pihikete and Huipaiana are alternative but underused.
Burmese
In Burma, half the castes (or Kabya ) are anyone with mixed ethnicities from Burma and Britain, or Burma and India. During the British colonial administration, half-castes were excommunicated and criticized in the literary and political media. For example, a local publication in 1938 published the following:
"You are a Burmese woman who fails to keep up your own race, after you marry an Indian, your daughter who has been born by a tie like that takes an Indian as her husband.As your son, he becomes half caste and tries to get a Burmese woman not only you but your future generations are also those responsible for racial destruction. "
Similarly, Pu Gale in 1939 wrote Kabya Pyatthana (literally: Half-caste Problem), censoring Burmese women to activate the half-caste phenomenon, with the claim, "the degenerative relationship of Burmese women with an Indian is threatened. destructive destruction of Burmese society. "Such criticism is not limited to isolated instances, or only to Burmese girls ( thet khit thami ), Indian and English husbands. From the early 1930s to the 1950s, there was an explosion of publications, newspaper articles and cartoons with such social censorship. Included in the criticism is the Chinese-Burmese half-caste.
Prior to the explosion in censoring half-caste in Burma early 20th century, Thant claimed intercultural couples such as Indian-Indian marriages were encouraged by the locals. The situation began to change with the colonial development, land allocation, rice milling and socio-economic privileges granted to European colonial officials and to India brought in Burma by the UK with economic incentives. At the end of the 19th century, the British colonial government viewed mixed marriage as a socio-cultural problem. The colonial government issued a circular banning European officials from a spousal liaison with a native woman. In Burma, as in other Southeast Asian colonies, the intimate relationship between colonized women and colonizers and half-caste descendants of such unions is considered harmful to a white minority government based on racial hierarchy which is carefully guarded.
Malaysia
Half caste
With Malaysia experiencing a wave of immigration from China, the Middle East, India, and Southeast Asia, and a wave of different colonial powers (Portuguese, Dutch, English), many other terms have been used for half-caste. Some of them include cap-ceng , half breed , mesticos . These terms are considered degrading.
Half Malayan caste and other British colonies in Asia have been part of non-fiction and fiction. Brigitte Glaser notes that semi-caste characters in literary works from the 18th to the 20th centuries are largely structured with prejudices, as degenerates, low, inferior, distorted or barbaric. Ashcroft in his review considers the structure of literary works to be consistent with the morals and values ​​of the colonial era in which colonial forces regard people of different ethnic groups as unequal by birth in their abilities, character and potentials, where laws are enacted that make sexual intercourse and marriage between ethnic groups as illegal.
Fiji
Fijian people of mixed descent are called half caste, kailoma or vasu . It began with British colonialism, and from time to time developed into a conscious race, a separate system of society. The colonial government saw this as a "race problem." This created a special underclass of semi-European people living on the social outskirts of the Fijian colonial order. This heritage continues to influence ethnic and racial discourse in Fiji.
Kailomas or vasus are children born to indigenous Fijian and European workers or contract workers brought by the colonial government to work on sugarcane plantations more than a century ago. From generation to generation, these half-caste people suffered from the harsh, shunned and bizarre social treatment of the colonial obsession by bringing citizens into separate, neat racial boxes, leading to the separation of the bloody mixture of Fiji from their biological families.
South Africa
The sociological literature on South Africa, in pre-English times, British colonialism and the era of Apartheid refers to a half-caste as anyone born of mixing white and colored people. A less common alternative term, for half a caste is Mestizzo (conceptually similar to Mestizo in Latin American colonies).
Griqua (Afrikaans: Griekwa ) is another term for half-caste people from mixed in South Africa and Namibia.
People of mixed descent, half caste, considered lower and slave since birth in a hierarchically closed colonial social stratification system in the 19th century in South Africa. This is the case even if the father or mother of a half-caste man is a European.
Central Africa UK
Central Africa The UK, now partly Malawi and partly Zimbabwe, refers to people of mixed descent as half-caste. These unions were considered inappropriate, mixed couples were separated and shunned, and the colonial court ruled against mixed marriages.
United Kingdom
In the UK today, the term is especially applicable to people of mixed Black and White descent, but not necessarily so. In almost all the territories that fall under the rule of the empire, the term is used, and anyone composed of mixed and conquered Caucasian races can be properly described as half-caste.
In the UK the term half caste is generally considered more offensive than the mixed race because it means being 'half pure' (the connotation is that half white is half pure). This term denies anyone racing a mixture of parts of their inheritance by reducing them to half of the race.
Ruth Landes notes that half-castes born in Britain from colonial fathers feel helpless in the communities in which they live.
Sociologist Peter J. Aspinall argues that the origin of the term lies with the 19th century British colonial administration, thereby evolving into a description of people of mixed or ethnic races, "usually covering 'White'", in the 20th century. From the 1920s to the 1960s, he argued it was "used in Britain as a category of derogatory usury associated with moral criticism of 'miscegenation'".
The use of half-caste terms is considered offensive today. The National Union of Journalists ratified the guidelines for racial reporting instructing journalists to 'avoid words which, although common in the past, are now considered offensive, eg. half caste and colored. Ask people how they define themselves. Check if someone identifies a mixed race or Black '. The NHS editorial guidelines state the document should 'Avoid offensive words and stereotyping like color, half caste and so on'.
China
While the term half-caste tends to evoke an understanding of it refers to the offspring of two men of two different pure bloods or near pure blood, in other languages, like Mandarin, the words < i>> half caste and mixed ethnic or multi-ethnic is the same word, hun-xue > (??).
Half a caste in another language
The term half-caste common in the British colony, but not exclusively. Other colonial governments such as Spain designed the term for mixed race children. The Spanish colonies devised a complex system of castas, which consisted of Mulattoes, Mestizos, and many others. French colonies use terms such as MÃÆ'Ã… © tis, while Portuguese uses the term MestiÃÆ'§o . French colonies in the Caribbean are called semi-caste people as Chabine (female) and Chabin (male). Before the American Civil War, the term mestee was common to certain people of the hereditary mix.
Other terms used in the colonial era for half caste include - creole, casco, cafuso, caberet, cattalo, citrange, griffe, half blood, half-breed, half breed, high yellow, hinny, hybrid, ladino, liger, mamaluco, mixblood, blood mix, mongrel, donkey, mustee, octoroon, plumcot, quadroon, quintroon, sambo, tangelo, xibaro. The difference between these terms from various European colonies is usually the race, ethnic or caste of the father and mother.
Ann Laura Stoler has published a series of reviews about half-castes and ethnic people mixed during the colonial era of human history. He claims that colonial control is based on the identification of who is white and the real, which children can become temporary imperial citizens who remain the subject of the kingdom, who have the offspring of a descendant and who are not. This was disputed by the colonial administrators, then triggered the regulation by the authorities. At the beginning of the colonial empire, most men from Europe and then indentured labor men from India, China and Southeast Asia continued this long-distance journey; In these early days, intermixing was accepted, approved and encouraged. Over time, differences are emphasized, and the colonial authorities begin to limit, then refuse and ultimately prohibit sexual intercourse between groups of people to defend the so-called blood purity and limit the inherited rights.
See also
General concepts
- Race (human classification)
- Caste
- Missigenasi
Historical application of mixed-caste concepts
- Between white/European and black/Africa:
-
- Mulatto
- Quadroon
- Oktoroon
- Between white/European and Native American/Indian Americans:
-
- Mestee
-
- MÃÆ' Ã… © tis, the descendants of the feather merchants (Scottish and French-Canadian) and their original wives
- Mestizo, a common word in Latin America, especially Mexico
- Between white and India:
-
- Kutcha butcha
- Anglo-Indian
- Luso-Indian
- The people of Burgher, the Sri Lankans who are partly of European descent
- Eurasia (mixed ancestors)
- Indo (a similar group in the Indies)
- More:
-
- Mischling (German Nazi term for people defined under Nuremberg Law as non-Jewish but has a large number of Jewish/"blood" ancestors)
- In the literature:
-
- Half Cast (poetry) Half-elves (also "halfling" under some use of the term), human-elf hybrids are featured in many fantasy literary works and, as a character class and/or character description that does not play, in many role-playing games derived from or inspired by the fantasy genre
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
0 Comments