soft drinks (see terminology for other names) usually contain carbonated water (though some non-carbonable lemons), sweeteners, and natural or artificial flavorings. Sweeteners may be sugar, high fructose corn syrup, fruit juice, sugar substitutes (in the case of diet drinks), or some combination of these. Soft drinks also contain caffeine, dyes, preservatives, and other ingredients.
Soft drinks are called "soft" in contrast to "hard" liquor. Small amounts of alcohol may be present in soft drinks, but the alcohol content should be less than 0.5% of the total volume if the drink is considered non-alcoholic. Fruit blows, tea and other non-alcoholic beverages are technically soft drinks according to this definition but are generally not so called.
Soft drinks can be served cold, over ice cubes or at room temperature. They are available in a variety of formats, including cans, glass bottles, and plastic bottles (the latest in a variety of sizes ranging from small bottles to 2-liter large containers). Soft drinks are also widely available at fast food restaurants, cinemas, convenience stores, casual dining restaurants, specialty soda shops, and bars from soda fountain machines. Soda fountain drinks are usually served in disposable paper or plastic cups in the first three places. In casual restaurants and bars, soft drinks are often served in glasses. Soft drinks can be drunk with a straw or inhaled directly from the cup.
Soft drinks are mixed with other ingredients in some contexts. In Western countries, in bars and other places where alcohol is served (eg, airplanes, restaurants, and nightclubs) many mixed drinks are made by combining soft drinks with liquor and serving drinks on ice. One notable example is rum and coke, which may also contain lime juice. Some homemade fruit punch recipes, which may or may not contain alcohol, contain a mixture of various fruit juices and soda pop (eg, ginger ale). In an ice-cream parlor and 1950's themed restaurant, ice cream is often sold.
Video Soft drink
Terminology
While the term "soft drink" is commonly used in product labeling and on restaurant menus, in many countries these drinks are more commonly referred to as regional names, including carbonated beverages , cold drinks b>, cold drinks , sparkling drinks , sparkling juice , water lolly , pop , seltzer , soda , coke , soda pop , tonic and minerals . Because of the high sugar content in typical soft drinks, they can also be called sweet drinks .
In the United States, the 2003 Harvard Dialect Survey tracks the use of the nine most common names. More than half of the survey respondents preferred the term "soda", which was dominant in the Northeastern United States, California, and the area around Milwaukee and St.. Louis. The term "pop", favored by 25% of respondents, is most popular in the Midwest and Pacific Northwest, while the generic "coke" trademark is used by 12% of respondents, most popular in South America.. The term "tonic" is hyperlocal to eastern Massachusetts, although its use decreases.
In the English-speaking section of Canada, the term "pop" is prevalent, but "soft drink" is the most common English term used in Montreal.
In the UK and Ireland, the terms "soft drinks" and common "coke" trademarks are common. Pop and fizzy pop are used in northern England, while "minerals" or "lemonade" (as a generic term) are used in Ireland. In Scotland, "fizzy juice" or even "juice" is commonly encountered everyday. In Australia and New Zealand, "soft drinks" or "soft drinks" are commonly used. In South African English, "cold drinks" and "cold drinks" are used, but in Indian English, "cold drinks" are the most prevalent.
In Spain, speakers often use the word refresco, meaning 'refreshment'. Considering the carbon content, it is also commonly called gaseosa , from agua gaseosa .
Maps Soft drink
History
The origin of soft drinks lies in the development of fruit-flavored drinks. In the Middle East medieval, many fruit-tasting soft drinks were drunk, such as sorbet, and often sweetened with ingredients such as sugar, syrup and honey. Other common ingredients include lemons, apples, pomegranates, acids, jujube, sumac, musk, mint, and ice. Middle Eastern drinks then became popular in medieval Europe, where the word "syrup" came from Arabic. In the English Tudor, 'water imperial' is drunk widely; it is a sweet drink with lemon flavor and contains tartar cream. 'Manays Cryste' is a sweet taste sweetly flavored with rose water, violet or cinnamon.
Other early types of soft drinks are lemonade, made from water and lemon juice sweetened with honey, but without carbonated water. The Compagnie des Limonadiers of Paris was given a monopoly for the sale of soft drink lemonade in 1676. Vendors brought a lemonade tank on their backs and handed out soft drink cups to Paris.
Soft Drink
At the end of the 18th century, scientists made important advances in replicating natural carbonated mineral waters. In 1767, the Englishman Joseph Priestley first discovered a method of incorporating water with carbon dioxide to create carbonated water when he struck a bowl of distilled water over a keg of beer at a local brewery in Leeds, England. The discovery of carbonated water (also known as soda water) is the main and most decisive component of most soft drinks.
Priestley finds that the water that is processed in this way has a pleasant taste, and he offers it to his friends as a refreshing drink. In 1772, Priestley published a paper entitled Absorbing Water with Fixed Air where he described dripping vitriol oil (or now called sulfuric acid) to chalk to produce carbon dioxide gas , and pushing the gas to dissolve into anxious water bowl.
Another Englishman, John Mervin Nooth, improved Priestley's design and sold his equipment for commercial use at the pharmacy. Swedish chemist Torbern Bergman invented a generating device that makes carbonated water from lime using sulfuric acid. Bergman equipment allows imitation mineral water to be produced in large quantities. Swedish chemist JÃÆ'¶ns Jacob Berzelius began adding flavors (herbs, juices, and grapes) to carbonated water at the end of the 18th century.
Thomas Henry, a pharmacist from Manchester, was the first to sell artificial mineral water to the general public for medicinal purposes, beginning in the 1770s. The recipe for 'Julep Mephitic Bewley' consists of 3 fossil alkaline drachms up to one liter of water, and the manufacture must 'dump fixed airflow until all alkaline flavors are destroyed'.
Johann Jacob Schweppe developed a similar process for producing carbonated mineral water at the same time. He founded the Schweppes Company in Geneva in 1783 to sell carbonated water, and moved his business to London in 1792. His drink soon gained in popularity; among its newfound customers is Erasmus Darwin. In 1843, Schweppes commercialized Malvern Water in Holy Spring in the Malvern Hills, and was appointed as the official supplier to the Royal Family.
It was not long before flavoring was combined with carbonated water. The earliest reference for carbonated ginger beer is in Practical Treatise on Brewing . published in 1809. Drinking natural or artificial mineral water was considered at the time to be a healthy practice, and promoted by supporters of simplicity. Pharmacists selling mineral water start adding herbs and chemicals to mineral water without taste. They use birch bark (see birch beer), dandelions, sarsaparilla, fruit extracts, and other substances. Flavoring is also added to enhance flavor.
Mass market and industrialization
Soft drinks soon surpassed its medical origins and became a widely consumed beverage, available cheap for the masses. In the 1840s there were over fifty manufacturers of soft drinks - an increase of only ten in the previous decade. Lemonade was widely available in English refreshments in 1833, and in 1845, R. White's Lemonade went on sale in England. For the Great Exhibition of 1851 in London, Schweppes was appointed official beverage supplier and sold over a million bottles of lemonade, ginger beer, Seltzer water, and sparkling water. There is a water fountain of Schweppes soda, located right at the exhibition entrance.
Drink mixers became popular in the second half of this century. Tonic water was originally quinine added to water as a prophylactic against malaria and consumed by British officials stationed in the tropics of South Asia and Africa. Because the quinine powder was so bitter, people started mixing the powder with soda and sugar, and the basic tonic water was created. The first commercial tonic water was produced in 1858. The gin and tonic mixed drinks also came from colonial England, India, when the British population would mix their drug quinine tonics with gin.
A persistent problem in the soft drink industry is the lack of effective bottle sealing. The carbonated beverage bottle is under great pressure from the gas, so the inventors are trying to find the best way to prevent carbon dioxide or bubbles from escaping. The bottles can also explode if the pressure is too great. Hiram Codd designed a patented bottling machine while working on a small mineral waterwork at Caledonian Road, Islington, in London in 1870. The Codd-neck bottle was designed to coat the marble and rubber washer in the neck. The bottles are filled upside down, and the pressure of the gas in the bottle forces the marble against the washing machine, sealing the carbonation. The bottle is embedded into a special form to provide a room where marble is pushed to open the bottle. This prevents marble from blocking the neck as it is poured.
By mid 1873 he had given 20 licenses and received 50 more applications. This was further encouraged by the Trade Show held in London in the same year. In 1874 the license was free to bottle producers as long as they bought marbles, sealing rings and used the tool grooves, and the mineral water company they sold had bought a license to use the bottle.
In 1892, the "Crown Cork Bottle Seal" was patented by William Painter, a machine operator in Baltimore, Maryland. It was the first bottle to hold the bubbles in the bottle. In 1899, the first patent was issued for a glass blowing machine for the production of automatic glass bottles. The glass bottles had all been blown away before. Four years later, a new bottle blowing machine operates. It was first operated by its inventor, Michael Owens, an employee of Libby Glass Company. Within a few years, the production of glass bottles increased from 1,400 bottles a day to about 58,000 bottles a day.
In America, soda fountains are initially more popular, and many Americans will often drink soda water every day. Beginning in 1806, Yale University chemistry professor Benjamin Silliman sells soda water in New Haven, Connecticut. He uses the Nooth apparatus to produce the water. Entrepreneurs in Philadelphia and New York City also began selling soda water early in the 19th century. In the 1830s, John Matthews of New York City and John Lippincott of Philadelphia began to produce soda water. Both men were successful and built large factories to create a fountain. Due to problems in the US glass industry, bottled drinks remained a small part of the market in much of the 19th century. (However, they were known in Britain.) In The Tenant of Wildfell Hall, published in 1848, Huntingdon caddish, recovering from the moon of revelry, waking up during the day and sipping a bottle of sparkling water.)
At the beginning of the 20th century, bottled soda sales increased exponentially, and in the second half of the 20th century, canned soft drinks became an important market share.
During the 1920s, "Home-Paks" was created. "Home-Paks" is a familiar six-pack carton made of cardboard. Vending machines also began to appear in the 1920s. Since then, soft drink vending machines have become increasingly popular. Hot and cold drinks are sold in these self-service machines worldwide.
Production
Soft drinks are made by mixing dry or fresh ingredients with water. Production of soft drinks can be done at the factory or at home. Soft drinks can be made at home by mixing syrup or dry ingredients with carbonated water, or by lacto fermentation. Syrup is commercially sold by companies such as Soda-Club; Dry ingredients are often sold in bags, in the style of the popular US drink mix Kool-Aid. Carbonated water is made using a siphon soda or home carbonation system or by dropping dry ice into water.
Drinks such as ginger ale and root beer are often brewed with yeast to cause carbonation.
The most important thing is that the material meets the agreed specifications on all the main parameters. These are not just functional parameters (in other words, the level of major constituents), but impurity levels, microbiological status, and physical parameters such as color, particle size, etc.
Some soft drinks contain measurable amounts of alcohol. In some older preparations, this is produced from the natural fermentation used to build carbonation. In the United States, soft drinks (as well as other beverages such as non-alcoholic beer) are permitted by law to accommodate up to 0.5% alcohol by volume. Modern drinks introduce carbon dioxide for carbonation, but there is some speculation that alcohol may be produced from sugar fermentation in non-sterile environments. A small amount of alcohol is introduced in some soft drinks in which alcohol is used in the preparation of flavoring extracts such as vanilla extract.
Producer
In every region of the world there is a major soft drink producer. However, some big companies in North America are present in most countries in the world, such as Pepsi and Coca Cola. Major North American producers apart from two previously named companies include Cott, Dr. Pepper Snapple Group, and Jones Soda.
Health issues
Excessive consumption of sugar-flavored soft drinks is associated with obesity, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, dental caries, and low nutritional levels. Experimental studies tend to support a causal role for sugar-sweetened soft drinks in this disease, although this is challenged by other researchers. "Sugar-sweetened" includes drinks using high fructose corn syrup, as well as those using sucrose.
Many soft drinks contain ingredients that are a source of concern: caffeine is associated with anxiety and sleep disorders when consumed in excess, and some critics question the health effects of added sugar and artificial sweeteners. Sodium benzoate has been studied by researchers at the University of Sheffield as a possible cause of DNA damage and hyperactivity. Other substances have negative health effects, but present in very small amounts so they are unlikely to pose substantial health risks provided they are consumed in moderation.
In 1998, the Center for Science in the Public Interest published a report entitled "Liquid Sweets: How Soft Drinks Afflict the Health of Americans". The report examines statistics relating to increased consumption of soft drinks and claims that consumption is "likely to contribute to health problems". It also criticized marketing efforts by soft drink companies. In 2005, CSPI supported the idea of ​​warning labels on soft drinks, similar to those of cigarettes and alcohol, but by 2017 this has not happened yet.
From 1977 to 2002, Americans doubled the consumption of sweet drinks - a trend that parallels the doubling of obesity prevalence. Consumption of sugary drinks is associated with weight gain and obesity, and changes in consumption can help predict changes in weight.
It is still possible that this correlation is caused by a third factor: people who lead an unhealthy lifestyle may consume more soft drinks. If so, then the relationship between the consumption of soft drinks and weight gain could reflect the consequences of an unhealthy lifestyle rather than the consequences of consuming soft drinks. Experimental evidence is required to definitively establish the causal role of soft drink consumption. Reviews from experimental evidence suggest that soft drink consumption does lead to weight gain, but the effect is often small except for overweight individuals.
Many of these experiments examined the effect of sugary soft drinks on weight gain in children and adolescents. In one experiment, the teenagers replaced the sugar-flavored soft drinks in their diet with the sweetened soft drinks sent to their homes for 25 weeks. Compared with children in the control group, children who received artificial sweeteners saw a smaller increase in their BMI (by -0.14 kg/m 2 ), but this effect was only statistically significant at between the heaviest of children (who saw benefits -0.75 kg/m 2 ). In another study, educational programs encouraged school children to consume less soft drinks. During the school year, the prevalence of obesity decreased among children in the program by 0.2%, compared with a 7.5% increase among children in the control group. Another study, published in Pediatrics in 2013, concludes that for children from 2 to 5 years of age, their risk of obesity is increased by 43% if they are regular soft drink consumers compared to those who rarely or never consume them.
Sweet drinks have also been speculated to cause weight gain in adults. In one study, individuals who were overweight consumed daily or sweetened sweetened or sweetened food supplements for a 10-week period. Most of the supplements are soft drinks. Individuals in the sucrose group rose 1.6 kg, and individuals in the artificial sweetener group lost 1.0 kg. A two-week study had participants on their dietary supplements with sugary soft drinks, soft drinks that were sweetened or not. Although the participants gained the most weight when consuming sugary drinks, some differences were unbelievable: the difference between men who consumed sugary drinks or did not drink was not statistically significant.
Other studies have shown that soft drinks can play a special role in weight gain. One four-week trial compared a 450 calorie/day supplement of soft drinks sweetened with sugar to 450 calories/day of jelly beans supplement. Jelly bean supplements do not cause weight gain, but soft drink supplements do not. The possible reason for the difference in weight gain is that people who consume jelly lower their caloric intake on subsequent food, while people who consume soft drinks do not. Thus, the low level of satiety given by sweet soft drinks can explain their relationship to obesity. That is, people who consume calories in sugary drinks can fail to reduce their caloric intake from other sources. Indeed, people consume more total calories in food and on days when they are given sweet drinks than when they are given artificially sweetened drinks or water. However, this result is contrary to a study by Adam Drewnowski published in 2004, in which "32 subjects consumed a 300-calorie snack of a fat-free raspberry cookie or regular cola on two occasions each - either two hours (" early ") or 20 minutes ("late") before lunch. "It was found that"... the calories eaten during lunch are not affected by whether the snack is a cake or a cola. "
Consumption of sugar-sweetened soft drinks can also be associated with many weight-related illnesses, including diabetes, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk factors, and elevated blood pressure.
According to research presented at the American Heart Association's Epidemiology and Prevention/Nutrition, Physical Activity and Metabolism 2013 Scientific Sessions by researchers at the Harvard School of Public Health, sugary drinks can be responsible for 180,000 deaths annually worldwide.
Tooth decay
Most soft drinks contain high concentrations of simple carbohydrates: glucose, fructose, sucrose, and other simple sugars. If oral bacteria ferment carbohydrates and produce acids that can dissolve tooth enamel and cause tooth decay, then sweetened beverages may increase the risk of dental caries. The risk will be greater if the frequency of consumption is high.
A large amount of soda appears sour as much fruits, sauces and other foods. Drinking acidic drinks for long periods and inhaling them continuously can erode tooth enamel. A 2007 study determined that some sparkling water was equally erosive or more than orange juice.
Using a straw is often recommended by the dentist because the drink is not too much contact with the teeth. It is also recommended that brushing your teeth right after drinking soft drinks should be avoided as this may cause additional erosion of the teeth due to the presence of acids.
Hypokalemia
There are several published reports that describe individuals with severe hypokalemia (low potassium levels) associated with extreme cola consumption.
In a meta-analysis of 88 studies, soda drinking correlated with decreased milk consumption along with vitamin D, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, calcium, protein and other micronutrients. Phosphorus, micronutrients, can be found in cola drinks, but there may be a risk of consuming too much. Phosphorus and calcium are used in the body to create calcium-phosphate, which is a major component of bone. However, the combination of too much phosphorus with too little calcium in the body can cause bone mass degeneration. Research shows a statistically significant inverse relationship between the consumption of carbonated beverages and bone mineral density in young girls, which puts them at increased risk of fractures.
One of the hypotheses to explain this relationship is that phosphoric acid contained in some soft drinks (colas) replaces calcium from bone, decreases bone skeletal density and causes weakened bones, or osteoporosis. However, the 2001 study of calcium metabolism by Dr. Robert Heaney suggested that the net effect of carbonated soft drinks (including cola, which uses phosphoric acid as an acidulant) in urinary calcium excretion is negligible. Heaney concluded that carbonated soft drinks, which contain no nutrients needed for bone health, can replace other foods that do, and that the real problem is that people who drink lots of soft drinks also tend to have a low overall diet in calcium.
A 2006 study of several thousand men and women, found that women who regularly drink cola-based soda (three or more daily) had significantly lower bone mineral density (BMD) ~ 4% in the hip than those not, though researchers controlled for important factors such as calcium intake and vitamin D. The study also found that women who drank non-cola soft drinks did not seem to have low BMD and that BMD women who drank non-caffeine cola were not as low as women who drank caffeinated cola soda. The study found that the effect of regular soda cola consumption was not significant in male BMD.
In the 1950s and 1960s there were attempts in France and Japan to ban the sale of Coca-Cola as harmful because phosphate could inhibit calcium absorption. However, this did not work because the amount of phosphate proved too small to have a significant effect.
Sugar content
The recommended daily intake of USDA (RDI) of added sugar is less than 10 teaspoons per day for a 2.000 calorie diet. A high calorie intake contributes to obesity if not balanced with exercise, with the large amount of exercise required to keep up with small, but rich in calorie foods and beverages.
Until 1985, most of the calories in soft drinks came from sugar or corn syrup. In 2010, in the United States high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) was used almost exclusively as a sweetener because of lower cost, while in Europe, sucrose predominates, because EU agricultural policy supports the production of sugar beet in Europe and sugar cane in the former colony of corn production. HFCS has been criticized for having a number of adverse effects on human health, such as promoting diabetes, hyperactivity, hypertension, and a host of other problems. Although anecdotal evidence has been presented to support the claim, it is known that the human body breaks down sucrose into glucose and fructose before being absorbed by the intestine. Simple sugars like fructose are transformed into the same intermediates as in glucose metabolism. However, fructose metabolism is very rapid and initiated by fructokinase. Fructokinase activity is not regulated by metabolism or hormones and progresses rapidly after fructose intake. While the intermediates of fructose metabolism are similar to glucose, the rate of formation is excessive. This fact encourages the synthesis of fatty acids and triglycerides in the liver, which leads to fat accumulation throughout the body and possibly non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases. Increased blood lipid levels also seem to follow fructose consumption over time. Sugar or high-drinks drinks can refer to any drink consisting mainly of water and sugar (usually cane sugar or high fructose corn syrup), including some soft drinks, some fruit juices, and energy drinks.
Benzene
In 2006, the UK Food Standards Agency published benzene-level survey results in soft drinks, which tested 150 products and found that four contain benzene levels above the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines for drinking water.
The US Food and Drug Administration released its own test results from several soft drinks containing benzoate and ascorbic acid or erythorbic acid. The five beverages tested contain benzene levels above the recommended standard by the Environmental Protection Agency of 5 ppb. The Environmental Working Group has found additional FDA test results that show the following results: Of the 24 diet soda samples tested between 1995 and 2001 for the presence of benzene, 19 (79%) had benzene levels exceeding federal tap water standards of 5 ppb. The average benzene level is 19 ppb, about four times the standard of tap water. One sample contains 55 ppb of benzene, 11 times the standard tap water. Despite these findings, in 2006, the FDA expressed confidence that "the benzene levels found in soft drinks and other beverages to date do not pose any safety concerns to consumers".
Pesticides in India
In 2003, the Delhi Science and Environment Nonprofit Center published a disputed report on the level of pesticides in Coke and Pepsi soft drinks sold in India at the level of 30 times considered safe by the European Economic Commission. These are found mainly in 12 brands of cold drinks sold in and around New Delhi. The Indian Health Minister said the CSE test was inaccurate, and said that government tests found pesticide levels in Indian standards but above EU standards.
The same CSE report in August 2006 prompted many state governments to issue a ban on the sale of soft drinks in schools. Kerala issued a complete ban on the sale or manufacture of soft drinks altogether. (This was then beaten in court.) In return, soft drink companies like Coca-Cola and Pepsi have issued advertisements in the media about the safety of beverage consumption.
The UK-based Central Science Laboratory, commissioned by Coke, finds its products meet EU standards in 2006. Coke and the University of Michigan commission independent studies on bottling plants by The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI), reported in 2008 no materials unsafe chemicals in the water supply used.
Kidney stones
A study published in the Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology in 2013 concluded that the consumption of soft drinks was associated with a 23% higher risk of developing kidney stones.
Government regulation
School
At least since 2006, the debate over whether high-calorie soft drink vending machines should be allowed in schools has increased. Opponents of vending machines (soft drinks) believe that soft drinks are a significant contributor to childhood obesity and tooth decay, and which allows the sale of soft drinks in schools encourages children to believe they are safe for moderate to large consumption. Opponents argue that schools have a responsibility to maintain the health of children in their care, and that allowing children easy access to soft drinks violates that responsibility. Proponents of vending machines believe that obesity is a complex issue and soft drinks are not the only cause. A 2011 bill for soft drink taxes in California failed, with some lawmakers arguing on the grounds that parents - not governments - should be responsible for children's beverage choices.
On May 3, 2006, the Alliance for Healthy Generations, Cadbury Schweppes, The Coca-Cola Company, PepsiCo, and the American Beverage Association announced new guidelines that would voluntarily remove high-calorie soft drinks from all US schools.
On May 19, 2006, British education secretary, Alan Johnson, announced a new minimum standard of nutrition for school meals. Among the various actions, starting September 2006, school lunches will be free of carbonated beverages. Schools will also end the sale of junk food (including carbonated beverages) at vending machines and tuck shops.
In 2008, Samantha K Graff published an article in the Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science on "The Implications of the First Amendment on Restrictions on Marketing of Food and Beverage in Schools". This article examines school district policies regarding the limitation of sales and marketing of soda in public schools, and how certain policies can trigger violations of the First Amendment. Due to district budget cuts and losses in state funding, many school districts allow commercial businesses to market and advertise their products (including junk food and soda) to public school students to earn extra income. Snack and soda companies have gained exclusive rights to vending machines in many public schools. Opponents of corporate marketing and advertising on the school grounds are urging school officials to limit or limit the power of companies to promote, market, and sell their products to school students. In the 1970s, the Supreme Court ruled that advertising was not a form of free expression, but a form of business practice that had to be governed by the government. In the 1976 case Virginia State Board of Pharmacy v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council , the Supreme Court ruled that advertising, or "commercial speech," is to some extent protected by the First Amendment. To avoid a First Amendment challenge by the company, a public school can create contracts that limit the sale of certain products and advertisements. Public schools can also prohibit the sale of all food and beverage products on campus, while not violating the company's right to free speech.
On December 13, 2010, President Obama signed the Free Shipping Act of Free Healthy Children 2010 (effective 2014) mandating schools receiving federal funds to offer snacks and healthy drinks to students. The law prohibits the sale of soft drinks to students and requires schools to provide healthier options such as water, low-fat, non-flavored milk, 100% fruit and vegetable drinks, or sugar-free soft drinks. The portion sizes available to students will be based on age: eight ounces for elementary school, twelve ounces for middle and high school. Proponents of the law predicted the new mandate would make it easier for students to make healthy drink choices while at school.
In 2015, Terry-McElarth and colleagues published a study in the American Journal of Preventative Medicine on regular soda policies and their effects on the availability of beverages in schools and student consumption. The purpose of this study is to determine the effectiveness of programs beginning in the 2014-2015 academic year that require schools participating in federally reimbursable meal programs to remove all competitive places (sale of cafeteria a la carte, vending machines, and stores/snacks bar/cart), on the availability of unhealthy drinks in school and student consumption. The study analyzed district and school-level policies that required soda bans and found that state bans were associated with much lower school soda availability but district bans did not show significant relationships. In addition, no significant correlation was observed between state policy and student consumption. Among the student population, state policies directly related to the availability of school soda are significantly lower and indirectly associated with lower student consumption. The same is not observed for other student populations.
Taxation
In the United States, legislators, health experts, and consumer advocates are considering charging higher taxes on the sale of soft drinks and other sweet drinks to help curb the obesity epidemic among Americans, and their harmful effects on overall health. Some speculate that higher taxes can help reduce soda consumption. Others say that taxes should help finance education to raise consumer awareness of the unhealthy effects of excessive consumption of soft drinks, and also help cover the costs of treating the conditions resulting from excessive consumption. The food and beverage industry has had a major impact in Washington, DC, for donating more than $ 50 million to legislators since 2000.
In January 2013, a British lobby group called for the price of sugared soft drinks to be increased, with money raised (about Ã, Â £ 1 billion at 20p per liter) to be put into the "Child's Future Fund", overseen by an independent body, which will encourage children to eat healthy in school.
In 2017, the United Arab Emirates imposed a 50% tax on soft drinks and energy drinks to curb excessive consumption of commodities and for additional revenue.
Prohibition
In March 2013, New York City mayor Michael Bloomberg proposed to ban the sale of non-diet soft drinks larger than 16 ounces, except in stores and supermarkets. The lawsuit against the ban was upheld by state judges, who voiced concern that the ban was "riddled with arbitrary and fickle consequences". Bloomberg announced that he would appeal the verdict.
See also
References
Further reading
- "Drinks: Drag soda from elementary school", USAToday , August 17, 2005
- "After nutritionists ban soda says more can be done", Boston Globe , May 4, 2006
- "Critics Say Soda Policy for New York Times Teeth Shortage School, August 22, 2006
External links
- Country & amp; Regulations on Setting Beverage Sales at Schools in Wayback Machines (archived February 1, 2006), American Beverage Association (PDF format)
- "Soft Drink in School", American Academy of Pediatrics
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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