The charger of , or a charger , is a device used to insert energy into a secondary cell or a rechargeable battery by forcing an electric current through it.
The filling protocol (how much voltage or current for how long, and what to do when charging is complete, for example) depends on the size and type of battery being charged. Some types of batteries have a high tolerance for overcharging (ie continued charging after the battery is fully charged) and can be recharged by connection to a constant voltage source or a constant current source, depending on the type of battery. This simple type of charger should be disconnected manually at the end of the charging cycle, and some battery types really require, or may use a timer, to break the charging current at a certain time, approximately when charging is complete. Other battery types can not withstand over-charging, damaged (reduced capacity, reduced lifetime) or overheating or even exploding. The charger may have a temperature or voltage sensing circuit and a microprocessor controller to adjust the current and charging voltage safely, determine the load condition, and cut off at the end of the charge.
The trickle filler provides a relatively small amount of current, just enough to neutralize the self-discharge of idle batteries for a long time. Some types of batteries can not tolerate droplet charging in any form; attempts to do so may result in damage. The lithium ion battery cell uses a chemical system that does not allow the filling of indeterminate droplets.
A slow battery charger may take several hours to charge. High-end chargers can recover most of the capacity much faster, but higher-level chargers can be more than some type of battery that can be tolerated. Such batteries require active monitoring of the battery to protect it from overcharging. Electric vehicles ideally require a high-level charger. For public access, installation of such chargers and distribution support for them is a problem in the adoption of electric cars.
Video Battery charger
C-rates
Charging and discharging rates are often provided as C or C-rate , which is a measure of the rate at which a battery is charged or discharged relative to its capacity. C-rate is defined as the charge or discharge current divided by the capacity of the battery to store the electrical charge. Although rarely stated explicitly, the C-rate unit is h -1 , equivalent to stating the capacity of the battery to store the electrical charge in units of the current clock time in the same unit as the charge or discharge current. C-rate is never negative, so does it describe the process of charging or discharging depending on the context.
For example, for a battery with a capacity of 500 mAh, the discharge rate of 5000 mA (that is, 5 A) corresponds to C-rate 10 (per hour), which means that the current can release 10 batteries within an hour. Similarly, for the same battery, the charging current of 250 mA corresponds to the C-rate 1/2 (hourly), which means that this current will increase the charging state of this battery by 50% in one hour.
Since the C-rate unit is usually implied, some maintenance is required when using it to avoid confusing it with battery capacity to store the charge, which in SI has a coulomb unit with the unit symbol C .
If both the current charge (dis) and battery capacity in the C-rate ratio are multiplied by the battery voltage, the C-rate becomes the discharge power ratio to the battery's energy capacity. For example, when a 100 kWh battery in the Tesla Model S P100D is supercharged at 120 kW, the C-rate is 1.2 (per hour) and when the battery provides maximum power of 451 kW, the C-rate is 4.51 (per hour).
All charging and discharging the battery produce internal heat, and the amount of heat generated is roughly proportional to the current involved (the current state of charge of battery, condition/history, etc. is also a factor). Battery cells that have been built to enable a higher C-rate than usual should create inventories for increased heating. However, a high C-rating appeals to end users because such batteries can be charged faster, and produce higher current outputs in use. A high C-rate usually requires a charger to carefully monitor battery parameters such as terminal voltage and temperature to prevent overcharging and damage to cells. Such high charging rates are possible only with some types of batteries. Others will be damaged or may overheat or catch fire. Some batteries might even explode. For example, car lead-acid batteries (start, lighting, ignition) carry some risk of explosion.
Maps Battery charger
Battery charger type
Simple charger
The simple charger works by providing a DC or pulsed DC power source constant to the battery being charged. Simple chargers usually do not change their output based on charging time or charging on the battery. This simplicity means that a simple charger is not expensive, but there is a sacrifice. Typically, a carefully designed, carefully designed power charger takes longer to charge the battery as it is set to use a lower charging rate (that is, safer). Even so, many batteries left on a simple charger for too long will be attenuated or destroyed by overcharging. These chargers also vary because they can supply constant voltage, or constant current, to the battery.
A simple AC powered charger typically has a much higher ripple current and ripple voltage than any other battery charger because it is designed and built at an inexpensive cost. Generally, when the ripple current is within the recommended level of the battery manufacturer, the ripple voltage will also be within the recommended level. The maximum ripple current for a regular 12 V battery V 100 Ah VRLA is 5 amp. As long as the ripple current is not excessive (more than 3 to 4 times the recommended level of the battery manufacturer), the lifetime of the VRLA battery is raised in ripples will be within 3% of the DC battery's constant battery life.
Quick charger
The fast charger uses a control circuit to charge the battery quickly without damaging the cells in the battery. Control circuits can be built into batteries (generally for each cell) or in external charging units, or shared between them. Most of these chargers have cooling fans to help keep cell temperatures at a safe level. The fastest charger is also capable of acting as a standard overnight filler when used with standard NiMH cells that do not have a special control circuit.
Three-stage charger
To speed up charging time and provide continuous charging, smart plug-ins attempt to detect battery charge and condition and apply a 3-stage charging scheme. The following description assumes a closed lead acid traction battery at 25 Ã, Ã, Â ° C. The first stage is called "mass absorption"; the charging current will remain high and constant and limited by the charging capacity. When the voltage on the battery reaches the outgassing voltage (2.22 volts per cell), the charger switches to the second stage and the voltage remains constant (2.40 volts per cell). The transmitted current will decrease at the maintained voltage, and when the current reaches less than 0.005C the charger enters the third stage and the charger output will remain constant at 2.25 volts per cell. In the third stage, the charging current is very small 0.005C and at this voltage the battery can be maintained at full charge and compensates for its own release.
Induction charger
Inductive battery chargers use electromagnetic induction to charge the battery. A charging station sends electromagnetic energy through an inductive coupling to an electrical device, which stores energy in the battery. This is achieved without the need for metal contact between the charger and the battery. Inductive battery chargers are commonly used in electric toothbrushes and other devices used in bathrooms. Since there is no open electrical contact, there is no risk of electric shock. Currently used for charging wireless phones.
Smart chargers
"Smart chargers" should not be confused with "smart battery". Smart batteries are generally defined as electronic devices or "chips" that can communicate with smart chargers about battery characteristics and conditions. Smart batteries generally require smart chargers that can communicate with them (see Smart Battery Data). An intelligent charger is defined as a charger that can respond to battery conditions, and modify its filling actions accordingly.
Some smart chargers are designed to charge:
- "smart" battery with internal protection or surveillance or circuit management. Battery
- "dumb", which has no internal electronic circuitry.
The output current of the smart charger depends on the state of the battery. The smart charger can monitor the battery voltage, temperature, or time under charging to determine the optimal charge flow and to end charging.
For Ni-Cd and NiMH batteries, the battery voltage rises slowly during the charging process, until the battery is fully charged. After that, the voltage decreases , which indicates to the smart charger that the battery is fully charged. Such chargers are often labeled as "V", delta-V, "or sometimes" delta peak ", chargers, which indicate that they are monitoring the voltage change.
The problem is, the magnitude of "delta-V" can be very small or even absent if (very) high capacity rechargeable batteries are recharged. This can cause even the smart battery charger to not feel that the battery is actually fully charged, and to continue charging. Overcharging will result in some cases. However, many so-called smart chargers use a combination of disconnected systems, which are intended to prevent overcharging in most cases.
The typical smart charger quickly charges the battery up to about 85% of its maximum capacity in less than an hour, then switches to a charging that takes several hours to charge the battery to its full capacity.
Powerful charger
Some companies have started to make devices that charge the battery based on human movement. One example, made by Tremont Electric, consists of a magnet held between two springs that can charge the battery when the device moves up and down, such as when walking. Such products have not achieved significant commercial success.
Charger-powered pedals for mobile phones, which are mounted on tables have been made by Belgian company WeWatt, for installation in public spaces, such as at airports, train stations and universities have been installed in a number of countries on several continents.
Charger pulse
Some chargers use pulse technology in which a series of voltage or current pulses is fed to the battery. DC pulses have a tightly controlled ride time, pulse width, pulse repetition rate (frequency) and amplitude. This technology is said to work with different sizes, voltages, capacities or battery chemistry, including automotive batteries and regulated valves.
By charging pulses, high instant voltage can be applied without overheating the battery. In lead-acid batteries, this breaks lead-sulfate crystals, thus greatly extending battery life.
Some types of patented charging. Others are open source hardware.
Some chargers use a pulse to check the current battery status when the charger is connected for the first time, then use constant current charging while fast charging, then use pulse filling as a droplet type to keep the charge.
Some chargers use "negative pulse charging", also called "reflex filling" or "charging belch". Such chargers use positive and short negative current pulses. There is no significant evidence, however, that charging negative pulses is more effective than charging regular pulses.
Solar charger
The solar charger converts the light energy into a low voltage DC current. They are generally portable, but can also be fixed. Fixed mount solar chargers are also known as solar panels. Solar panels are often connected to the power grid through controls and interface circuits, while portable solar chargers are used outside the network (ie car, boat, or RV).
Although portable solar chargers only derive energy from the sun, they can still (depending on technology) be used in low light applications (ie cloudy). Portable solar chargers are often used to charge droplets, although some solar chargers (depending on watts), can fully recharge the battery. Other devices may exist, which combine this with other energy sources to increase recharge efficiency.
Timer based Charger (HI)
The output of the timer charger is terminated after the specified time. Time fillers were the most common type for high capacity Ni-Cd cells in the late 1990s for example (low-capacity consumer Ni-Cd is usually filled with a simple charger).
Often the timer and battery set can be purchased as a bundle and the charging time is adjusted according to the battery. If lower capacity batteries are charged then they will be overcharged, and if higher capacity batteries are charged, they will only be partially charged. With the trend of battery technology to increase capacity from year to year, long time chargers will only charge some newer batteries.
The time-based charger also has the disadvantage that charging a battery that is not completely discharged, even if the battery has the right capacity for a certain time charger, will result in overcharging.
Trickle Charger
Trickle chargers are usually low-current battery chargers (typically between 5-1,500 mA) or that have a trickle filling operation mode. Trickle fillers are generally used to charge small capacity batteries (2-30Ã, Ah). This type of battery charger is also used to maintain a larger capacity battery (& gt; 30Ã,Â,,,) that is usually found on cars, boats, RVs, and other related vehicles. In larger applications, the battery charger's current is only sufficient to provide maintenance or electric current (usually the last charging stage of most battery chargers). Depending on the trickle charger technology, it can be left connected to the battery indefinitely. Some battery chargers that can be left connected to the battery without causing battery damage are also referred to as smart or smart chargers. Some battery types are not suitable for drip charging. For example, most Li-ion batteries can not safely drip payloads, and the damage they cause can be enough to cause a fire or even an explosion.
Universal battery charger analyzer
The most advanced types are used in critical applications (eg military or flight batteries). This automated "heavy duty" automatic "filling system" can be programmed with a complicated filling cycle determined by the battery manufacturer. The best are universal (ie Can fill all types of batteries), and include automatic capacity testing and analyzing functions as well.
USB-based charger
Because the Universal Serial Bus specification provides a five volt power supply (with limited maximum power), it is possible to use a USB cable to connect the device to the power supply. Products based on this approach include chargers for mobile phones, portable digital audio players, and tablet computers. They may be completely USB peripheral devices according to the USB power discipline, or uncontrolled in the way of USB decoration.
Power bank
Powerbank is popular for charging smartphones and tablet devices. Powerbank is a portable device that can supply power from the battery in it via USB port. They usually recharge with USB power supply. Technically, the powerbank consists of a rechargeable Lithium-ion or Lithium-Polymer battery installed in a protective case, guided by a printed circuit board (PCB) that provides a variety of protection and security measures. Because of its general purpose, powerbank is also gaining popularity as a branding and promotion tool. Various brands and promotional companies use it as a promotional tool and provide customized products.
Specification:
- Capacity in Wh: Total power capacity is measured by multiplying mAh by voltage.
- Capacity in mAh: mAh means milli Ampere-hour and measures the amount of power flow that a particular powerbank can supply at a given voltage. Many manufacturers rate their product at 3.7 V, the inner cell voltage. Since the USB output is at 5 V, the calculation at this voltage will result in lower mAh numbers. For example, an advertised battery with a capacity of 3000 mAh (at 3.7 V) would produce 2220 mAh at 5 V. Power losses due to the efficiency of the charging circuit also occur.
- Filling and discharging simultaneously: need to determine whether powerbank can be used while charging.
- Number of output USB ports: This specifies the number of devices that can be charged simultaneously.
- Returns the current value: This determines the current rating that can charge the maximum fee. The higher the number, the better powerbank. This can vary from output port to output port.
- Enter Current Value: Fill in the current value is the amount of current that the powerbank can draw at its maximum level while it is being charged.
- Safety Protection: Over Voltage Protection, Over Charge Protection, Current Protection, Heat Protection, Short Circuit Protection, and Discharge Protection are common security measures observed with standard powerbanks.
- LED indication: Led lit according to the amount of charging capability left with powerbank.
Compatibility
Although there are standards for USB chargers, there are two common mismatch areas.
- The connectors on the device will be charged. There are several current and many outdated connectors, including:
- Micro USB Connector
- Mini USB connector
- USB-C connector
- Lightning connector
- J10 Connector
- Different sizes of coaxial power connectors, especially smaller sizes
- 3.5 mm jack and 2.5 mm jack
- and more. It is important that the connectors on the device and the charger are identical, so the correct polarity is used. Reversing the polairty between the battery and the charger is likely to cause battery failure and even charger failure. Failure may cause fire or damaged/destroyed equipment..
- Charging port. It may be clever or stupid, and each one in various rankings at present. Compatibility varies and should be checked to maximize security. Unsuitable chargers will charge more slowly, and sometimes not at all.
Apps
Since the charger is designed to be connected to the battery, there may be no voltage regulation or output DC voltage filtering; cheaper makes them that way. The battery charger comes with a voltage setting and filtering is sometimes called a battery eliminator.
Charger for vehicle
There are two main types of chargers used for vehicles:
- To recharge the starter battery of the fuel vehicle, where the modular charger is used; usually a 3 stage charger.
- To recharge the battery of electric vehicle (EV); see Charging station.
Chargers for car batteries vary widely. Chargers rated up to two amperes can be used to maintain a charge on parked vehicle batteries or for small batteries in garden tractors or similar equipment. A rider can store a charger with a value of several amperes up to ten or fifteen amperes for maintenance of a car battery or to recharge a vehicle battery that accidentally runs out. Service stations and commercial garages will have great chargers to fully charge the batteries in an hour or two; often these chargers can briefly source the hundreds of amperes required to crank the internal combustion engine starter.
Battery electric vehicle
The electric vehicle battery charger (ECS) comes in different brands and characteristics. Zivan, Manzanita Micro, Elcon, Quick Charge, Rossco, Brusa, Delta-Q, Kelly, Lester and Soneil are top 10 EV chargers in 2011 according to EVAlbum.com. These chargers vary from 1 kW to 7.5 kW maximum charging rates. Some use cost curve algorithm, others use constant voltage, constant current. Some can be programmed by end users via CAN port, some have dial for maximum voltage and electric current, some are set to specified battery voltage, amp-clock and chemistry. Prices range from $ 400 to $ 4500.
The 10 amp-hour battery takes 15 hours to reach the fully charged state of the empty condition with a 1 amp charger as it will require a battery capacity of approximately 1.5 times.
Public EV charging stations provide 6 kW (host power 208 to 240 VAC from a 40 amp circuit). 6 kW will recharge EV approximately 6 times faster than 1-kW charging overnight.
Fast charging provides faster recharge time and is limited only by available AC power, battery type, and type of charging system.
The onboard EV charger (converting AC power to DC power to recharge EV packets) can be:
- Isolated: they do not make a physical connection between AC power and a charged battery. It usually uses some form of inductive connection between the grid and the charging vehicle. Some separate fillers can be used in parallel. This allows higher current charging and reduced charging time. Battery has a maximum non-exceedable current rating
- Not isolated: the charger has a direct electrical connection to the A/C outlet cable. A non-detached battery charger can not be used in parallel.
Power Factor Correction (PFC) charger can be closer to the maximum current that the plug can provide, shortening charging time.
Charge station
Project Better Place deployed a network of charging stations and subsidized the cost of vehicle batteries through rent and credit to file for bankruptcy in May 2013.
Induced charging
Researchers at the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) have developed an electrical transport system (called Electric Vehicles Online, OLEV) where vehicles get their power requirements from submarine cables via inductive charging, (where Source power is placed below road surface and power are wirelessly taken on the vehicle itself.
Mobile phone charger
Most cell phone chargers are not real chargers, only power adapters provide resources for charging circuits that are almost always inside the phone. The older ones are very diverse, have a wide range of DC style and voltage connectors, which are largely incompatible with other manufacturers' phones or even different phone models from a single manufacturer.
Users of publicly accessible kiosks should be able to connect connectors with device brands/models and individual cost parameters and thereby ensure correct charge shipment for their mobile devices. A database-based system is one solution, and incorporated into several kiosk charging designs.
There are also human-powered chargers sold on the market, which usually consist of hand-cranked dynamos and extension cords. The French startup offers a kind of ratchet-inspired dynamo charger that can be used with just one hand. There are also solar chargers, including those that are fully mobile personalized chargers and panels, which you can use easily.
China, the European Commission, and other countries make national standards on mobile phone chargers using USB standards. In June 2009, the world's 10 largest mobile phone manufacturers signed a Memorandum of Understanding to develop specifications and support common Common Supply (EPS) with microUSB for all mobile phones with data sold in the EU. On October 22, 2009, the International Telecommunication Union announced the standard for universal chargers for mobile phones (Micro-USB).
Stationary batteries
Uninterruptible telecommunications, power, and computer power supply facilities may have very large standby battery banks (installed in battery chambers) to maintain critical charges for several hours during primary network power interruptions. The charger is permanently installed and comes with temperature compensation, surveillance alarms for various system errors, and frequent excessive independent power supplies and redundant rectifier systems. Chargers for stationary battery generation may have adequate voltage and filtration settings and sufficient current capacity to allow the battery to be disconnected for maintenance, while chargers supply DC system loads. The charging capacity is determined to keep the system load and recharge the completely empty battery in, say, 8 hours or other intervals.
Use in experiment
The battery charger can serve as a DC power adapter for experiments. It may, however, require an external capacitor to be connected across all of its output terminals to "adequately" sufficient voltage, which can be regarded as a DC voltage plus a "ripple" voltage added to it. There may be internal constraints connected to limit the short-circuit current, and the value of the internal resistance may have to be considered in the experiment.
Extend battery life
What electrical practices, and which chargers are most suitable for use, depends entirely on the type of battery. NiCd cells must be completely discharged occasionally, or the battery loses capacity over time due to a phenomenon known as "memory effect." Once a month (probably once every 30 costs) is sometimes recommended. This extends battery life because memory effects are prevented whilst avoiding the full fill cycles known to be difficult on all types of dry cell batteries, ultimately resulting in a permanent decrease in battery capacity.
Most modern mobile phones, laptops, and most electric vehicles use Lithium-ion batteries. This battery lasts the longest if the battery is often charged; fully cell usage will decrease their capacity relatively quickly, but most of these batteries are used in equipment that can sense the discharge approach and stop using equipment. When stored after charging, lithium battery cells decrease more when fully charged than if they are only 40-50% charged. As with all types of batteries, degradation also occurs faster at higher temperatures. The degradation in lithium-ion batteries is caused by internal battery resistance which increases frequently due to cell oxidation. This reduces the efficiency of the battery, so less current is available to be picked up from the battery. However, if Li-ION cells are dumped under certain stresses chemical reactions occur which make them dangerous if recharged, which is why many such batteries in consumer goods now have "electronic fuses" that permanently disable them if voltage drops across down set the level. The electronic fuse circhitry draws a small amount of current from the battery, which means that if the laptop battery is left for a long time without charging, and with a very low initial charge state, the battery can be destroyed permanently.
Motor vehicles, such as boats, RVs, ATVs, motorcycles, cars, trucks, etc. have used lead-acid batteries. These batteries use sulfuric acid electrolytes and can generally be charged and discharged without showing any memory effect, although sulfation (chemical reactions in the battery that hold sulfate coating on lead) will occur over time. Usually sulfate batteries are only replaced with new batteries, and old ones are recycled. The lead-acid battery will experience a much longer life when the maintenance charger is used to "charge the battery". It prevents the battery from ever under 100% charge, preventing sulfate from forming. Proper float voltage compensation temperature should be used to achieve the best results.
See also
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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