Wallpaper is the material used in interior decoration to decorate interior walls of domestic and public buildings. Usually sold in rolls and applied to the wall using wallpaper paste. Wallpapers can be "layers of paper" (so it can be painted or used to help mask uneven surfaces and small wall defects so as to provide a better surface), textured (like Anaglypta), with regular repeating pattern designs, or, let alone today , with a large, non-recurring design that carries a set of sheets. The smallest rectangles that can be categorized to form an entire pattern are known as repeat patterns.
Wallpaper printing techniques include surface printing, gravure printing, silk screen printing, rotary printing, and digital printing. Wallpaper made in long rolls, which are hung vertically on the wall. The patterned wallpaper is designed so that the pattern "repeats", and thus the pieces that are cut from the same coils can be hung next to each other so as to continue the pattern without it easy to see where the join between two pieces occurs. In the case of large complex drawing patterns this is usually accomplished by starting a second half cut of repetition length, so that if the declining pattern of rolls repeats after 24 inches, the next beveled piece is cut from the coil to the starting 12 inches down the pattern from the first. The frequency of repeating patterns horizontally on the roll is not a problem for this purpose. One pattern can be expelled in several different color lines.
Video Wallpaper
Histori
The main historical techniques are: hand painting, woodblock printing (generally the most common), stencilling, and various types of printing presses. The first three all date back before 1700.
Wallpapers, using woodcutting techniques, gained popularity in the European Renaissance among the emerging nobles. The social elite continued to hang large tapestries on the walls of their homes, as happened in the Middle Ages. These rugs add color to the room and provide a layer of insulation between the stone walls and the room, thus retaining heat in the room. However, the rugs are very expensive and only the very rich can afford them. Elite members who are less able, unable to buy rugs because of prices or wars that hinder international trade, turn to wallpapers to brighten up their rooms.
Early wallpapers feature scenes similar to those depicted on tapestries, and large papers are sometimes hung on the wall, in a tapestry style, and sometimes embedded today. Prints are very often affixed to the wall, instead of being framed and hung, and the largest print sizes, which come in multiple sheets, may be primarily intended to be affixed to the wall. Some important artists make such works - especially Albrecht DÃÆ'¼rer, who works on large drawings as well as ornament prints - meant for wall hangings. The largest printed image is the The Triumphal Arch commissioned by Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I and completed in 1515. It is very large 3.57 by 2.95 meters, consists of 192 pieces, and is printed in editions first. 700 copies, meant to be hung at the palace and, in particular, the town hall, after coloring the hands.
Very few samples of the earliest repeating image pattern survive, but there are a large number of old master prints, often in repetitive or recurrent decorative pattern engraving. These are called decorative prints and are intended as models for wallpaper makers, among other uses.
English and French are the leaders in European wallpaper making. Among the earliest discovered samples are those found on the walls of England and printed behind the London proclamation of 1509. It became very popular in Britain after the excommunication of Henry VIII of the Catholic Church - English nobility always imported rugs from Flanders and Arras, but the split of Henry VIII with the Catholic Church having led to a collapse of trade with Europe. Without rug producers in England, aristocrats and British aristocrats turned to wallpapers.
During the Protectorate under Oliver Cromwell, the making of wallpaper, seen as reckless by the Puritan government, was stopped. After the restoration of Charles II, wealthy people across Britain began to demand more wallpaper - the Cromwell regime had imposed a boring culture on people, and after his death, the rich began to buy comfortable domestic items that had been banned under Puritan countries.
18th century
In 1712, during the reign of Queen Anne, the wallpaper tax was introduced which was not abolished until 1836. By the mid-eighteenth century, England was the leading wallpaper producer in Europe, exporting large quantities to Europe in addition to selling in the middle. class english market. But this trade was severely disrupted in 1755 by the Seven Years War and then the Napoleonic Wars, and by the heavy duty of imports into France.
In 1748, the British Ambassador to Paris graced his salon with a blue flock wallpaper, which later became very fashionable there. In the 1760s, the French manufacturer Jean-Baptiste Reneetena hired designers working on silk and rugs to produce some of the most refined and luxurious wallpapers ever made. The blue sky wallpaper with fleurs-de-lys was used in 1783 on the first balloon by the Montgolfier brothers. The landscape painter Jean-Baptiste Pillement discovered in 1763 a method for using fast colors.
These hand-blocked wallpapers use hand carved blocks and with 18th-century designs including panoramic antique architecture, exotic landscapes and pastoral subjects, as well as repetitive patterns of stylish, human and animal flowers.
In 1785 Christophe-Philippe Oberkampf had invented the first machine to print colored tints on sheet wallpaper. In 1799 Louis-Nicolas Robert patented a machine to produce a continuous paper, the predecessor of the Fourdrinier machine. This ability to produce long sustainable wallpapers now offers the prospect of new designs and nice tints that are widely displayed in the drawing space across Europe.
The makers of active wallpaper in England in the 18th century included John Baptist Jackson and John Sherringham. Among the companies founded in the 18th century America: J. F. Bumstead & amp; Co (Boston), William Poyntell (Philadelphia), John Rugar (New York).
High-quality wallpapers made in China became available from the later part of the 17th century; it is fully handpainted and very expensive. It can still be seen in rooms in palaces and large houses including Nymphenburg Palace, Azienki Palace, Chatsworth House, Temple Newsam, Broughton Castle, Lissan House, and Erddig. It was made up to a width of 1.2 meters. British, French and German manufacturers imitate it, usually starting with hand-stamped lines, techniques that are sometimes used in Chinese newspapers as well.
19th century
Maps Wallpaper
France and America
Toward the end of the 18th century, the fashion for beautiful wallpapers revived in America and France, leading to some great panoramas, such as the 1804 20 wide strip panorama, Pacific Sauvages de la Mer Pacifique), was designed by artist Jean-Gabriel Charvet for French producer Joseph Dufour et Cie who showed Captain Cook's voyage. This famous "papier peint" wallpaper is still in Ham House, Peabody, Massachusetts. It was the largest panoramic wallpaper of its time, and marked the development of the French industry in the panoramic wallpaper. Dufour realizes almost immediate success from selling these papers and enjoying the trade that lives with America. The preferred current neoclassical style works well in Federal period homes with the elegant design of Charvet. Like most 18th-century wallpapers, panoramas are designed to hang over dado.
In addition to Joseph Dufour et Cie (1797 - c 1830), other French manufacturers display beautiful panoramic and trompe l'oeil wallpapers, Zuber et Cie (1797-present) and Arthur et Robert exporting their products throughout Europe and North America. Zuber et Cie c. 1834 North America Display design hung in the White House Diplomatic Acceptance Room.
While Joseph Dufour et Cie closed in the 1830s, Zuber et Cie still exists and, with Cole & amp; Son of England and Atelier d'Offard (1999-present), both residing in France, are one of the last printed timber wallpaper producers. For production Zuber uses woodblocks from over 100,000 cutted archives in the 19th century classified as "Historic Monuments". It offers panoramic views such as "Vue de l'Amà © à © rique Nord", "Eldorado Hindoustan" or "Isola Bella" as well as wallpaper, friezes and handmade ceilings and fabrics.
Among the companies that started in France in the 19th century: DesfossÃÆ'Â © & amp; Karth. In the United States: John Bellrose, Blanchard & amp; Curry, Howell Brothers, Longstreth & amp; Children, Isaac Pugh in Philadelphia; Bigelow, Hayden & amp; Co in Massachusetts; Christy & amp; Constant, A. Harwood, R. Prince in New York.
English
During the Napoleonic Wars, trade between Europe and England evaporated, resulting in a gradual decline of the wallpaper industry in the UK. However, the end of the war saw a massive demand in Europe for British goods that were inaccessible during the war, including colorful cheap wallpaper. The development of a steam-powered printing press in England in 1813 enabled the manufacturer to massively produce wallpapers, reduce its price and make it affordable for working class people. Wallpapers enjoyed great popularity in the nineteenth century, seen as a cheap and very effective way to brighten up the cramped and darker rooms of the working class. This becomes almost the norm in most areas of middle-class houses, but remains relatively little used in public buildings and offices, with a pattern generally avoided at these locations. In the second half of the century Lincrusta and Anaglypta, not completely wallpaper, became a popular competitor, especially under the dado rail. They can be painted and washed, and much more resilient, though also more expensive.
The wallpaper manufacturing companies established in England in the 19th century included Jeffrey & amp; Together.; Shand Kydd Ltd.; Lightbown, Aspinall & amp; Together.; John Line & amp; Boys; Potter & amp; Together.; Arthur Sanderson & amp; Boys; Townshend & amp; Parker. Designers include Owen Jones, William Morris, and Charles Voysey. In particular, many 19th century designs by Morris & amp; Co and other Arts and Crafts designers are still in production.
20th century
At the beginning of the twentieth century, wallpaper has established itself as one of the most popular household items throughout the Western world. Manufacturers in the US include Sears; designers include Andy Warhol. Wallpapers have been in and out of fashion since about 1930, but the overall trend has been for wallpaper-patterned wallcoverings to lose ground to plain painted walls.
21st century
At the beginning of the 21st century, wallpapers evolved into lighting features, enhancing mood and atmosphere through lights and crystals. Meystyle, a London-based company, invented the integrated LED wallpaper. The development of digital printing allows designers to break prints and incorporate new technologies and arts to bring the wallpaper to a new level of popularity.
Historical collection
Examples of wallpaper history are preserved by cultural institutions such as the Deutsches Tapetenmuseum (Kassel) in Germany; the Musà © e des Arts DÃÆ'  © coratifs (Paris) and Musà © à © e du Papier Peint (Rixheim) in France; Victoria & amp; Albert in England; Smithsonian's Cooper-Hewitt, Historic New England, Metropolitan Museum of Art, US National Park Service, and Winterthur in the US. The original design by William Morris and other British wallpaper companies is held by Walker Greenbank.
Type and size
In terms of method of manufacture, the type of wallpaper includes painted wallpaper, hand-painted blockwood wallpaper, hand-stenciled paper, machine-printed wallpaper, and flock wallpaper.
Modern wallcoverings are diverse, and what is depicted as wallpaper may no longer be completely made from paper. Two of the most commonly trimmed factory size wallpapers are referred to as "America" ​​and "European" rolls. American grind item is 27 inches (69 cm) with a length of 27 feet (8.2 m). European rolled goods have a width of 52 cm (20 inches) with a length of 10 meters (33 feet), about 5.2 square meters (56 square meters). Most wallpaper boundaries are sold at length and with a wide range of widths so that surface area does not apply, although some may require pruning.
The most common wall coverings for residential use and generally the most economical are prepasted prepaid vinyl paper, commonly called "strippable" which can be misleading. Vinyl supported fabrics are quite common and durable. Lighter vinyls are easier to handle and hang. Supported vinyl paper is generally more expensive, significantly more difficult to hang, and can be found in wider widths without cuts. Foil wallpaper generally has paper support and can be (very) up to 36 inches (91 cm) wide, and is very difficult to handle and hang. Textile wallpapers include silk, linen, grass, strings, rattan, and leaves that seem real. There is an acoustic wall carpet to reduce sound. Customized wallcoverings are available at high prices and most often have minimum roll orders.
Solid vinyl with fabric backing is the most common commercial wall coating and comes from the factory as uncut at 54 inches (140 cm) approximately, being overlapped and double-cut by the installer. This same type can be trimmed at the factory to 27 inches (approximately 69 cm).
Wallpapers are also present as 'borders', usually hung horizontally on tops of walls, and above wainscotting. Bordering wallpapers come in a variety of colors and patterns, straight or shaped edges, and wide (sometimes called 'altitude' due to its orientation), and are used to provide a finished look for walls hung with printed wallpaper, or as accents for painted walls or plain. Some of the bordered wallpaper is decorated with pictures and even writings, which when hanged can tell a simple story or a famous theme, such as fairy tales, poems, alphabetic or numerical pictographs, or religious works. In modern western homes, these are referred to as 'friezes' nurseries and are generally adorned and children's bedrooms. They can also be found in classrooms and libraries.
Non-woven wallpaper: Non-woven wallpaper is made from a mixture of chemical pulp and textile fibers, and used alone or as a backing for other types of wallpaper. When hanging this wallpaper, the paste is applied directly to the wall, after which the wallpaper will survive without time ordering.
Paper wallpaper: Made from recyclable paper . Also used as backing material for other wallpapers. When using paper as wallpaper, ordering time should be considered.
Metal photos and wallpaper: This wallpaper is applied to backing material such as non-waven wallpaper or paper. When producing photo wallpaper, the image will be printed on a paper backing. To create a metallic optical wallpaper, the backing material layer consists of aluminum metal such as aluminum.
Modern developments
Specialty wallpaper printing
New digital inkjet printing technology using ultraviolet (UV) preserved inks is being used for custom wallpaper production. Very small runs can be made, even one wall. Photos or digital art is released into empty wallpaper material. Common installations are corporate lobbying, restaurants, athletic facilities, and home interiors. This gives a designer the ability to give the desired look and feel the desired space.
High-tech wallpapers
New types of wallpapers that are being developed or entering the market at the beginning of the 21st century include wallpapers that block certain cell phone and WiFi signals, for the sake of privacy. The wallpaper is coated with silver ink that forms a crystal that blocks outgoing signals.
Spanish company Think Big Factory has announced that they are developing wallpapers that also serve as computer interfaces, using projectors, webcam, and motion sensors for control. By 2013, the hardware is complete but only 20 percent of the software is finished, according to Think Big Factory.
Seismic wallpaper
In 2012, scientists at the Institute of Construction Technology and Solid Building Materials at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology announced that they have developed wallpapers that can help keep masonry walls from failure in an earthquake. Wallpapers use glass fiber reinforcement in several directions and special adhesives that form strong bonds with masonry when dry.
Design wallpaper as a means of artistic expression
Tsang Kin-Wah, one of Hong Kong's famous painters, created a large-scale wallpaper installation that evokes the flower design of William Morris in a style known as art-word installation.
Installation
Like paint, wallpaper requires proper surface preparation before application. Also the wallpaper is not suitable for all areas. For example, bathroom wallpaper can deteriorate rapidly due to excessive steam. Proper preparation includes repair of defects in drywall or plaster and removal of loose material or old adhesives. For better finishes with thinner paper and worse quality walls, the walls can be crossed (horizontally) with the lining paper first. Accurate room measurements (length, width, and height) along with the number of window and door openings are essential for ordering wallpaper. Big drops, or repeat, in a pattern can be cut and hung more economically by working from a roll of paper alternately.
Once the previously inserted wallpaper is dampened, or the dry wallpaper is coated with a wet paste, the wet surface is folded up and left for a few minutes to activate the glue, called "order wallpaper."
In addition to the conventional installation of interior walls and ceilings, wallpaper has been used as a decorative cover for hat boxes, ribbon boxes, books, shelves, and window-colors.
Wallpaper adhesive
Most wallpaper adhesives are starch or methylcellulose.
Deletion
Water
The simplest removal option is to brush paper with water. Water moistens the paper and saturates the glue, allowing the paper to peel off.
This does not work well with vinyl that can not be removed, because the vinyl is not porous. Nevertheless, this is still effective in many modern papers.
A 3: 1 or 1: 1 mixture of water and white vinegar is effective for dissolving glue. If the wallpaper is scored or sanded with a 20 grit floor sanding pad to scratch surface solutions, the uptake will be more effective.
Chemical wallpaper coating
Stripper chemical wallpapers can be purchased at most paint stores or home improvements. It is mixed with warm water or a mixture of warm water and vinegar, then sprayed onto the surface of the wall. Some apps may be needed to saturate the existing wallpaper. Perforation can help in the absorption of the mixture and lead to faster removal. After the mixture dissolves the wallpaper paste, the wallpaper can be removed easily by pulling the edges and with the help of a putty knife or drywall.
Steam
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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