An electronic cigarette or e-cigarette is a handheld electronic device that simulates tobacco smoke. It works by heating the liquid to produce aerosol, commonly called "steam", which is inhaled by the user. Using e-cigarettes is usually referred to as vaping . The liquid in the e-cigarette, called e-liquid, or e-juice, is usually made of nicotine, propylene glycol, glycerin, and flavorings. Not all e-liquids contain nicotine.
The health risk of electric cigarettes is uncertain. They may be safer than tobacco cigarettes but have no obvious effect in relation to other methods of quitting smoking. Their long-term health effects are unknown. They can help some smokers quit. When used by non-smokers, e-cigarettes can cause nicotine addiction, and there are fears that children can start smoking after using e-cigarettes. So far, no serious adverse effects have been reported in the trial. Less serious side effects include throat and mouth irritation, vomiting, nausea, and cough.
E-cigarettes create aerosols, commonly called steam. The exact composition varies. The majority of toxic chemicals found in tobacco smoke are absent in e-cigarette aerosols. Those present are mostly below 1% of the appropriate level in tobacco smoke. Aerosols can contain toxic and traceable metals at the permitted levels in inhalation drugs, and hazardous chemicals that may not be found in tobacco smoke at the concentrations permitted by occupational safety standards. However, chemical concentrations may exceed strict public safety limits.
Modern electronic cigarettes were discovered in 2003 by Chinese pharmacist Hon Lik, and by 2015 most of the electronic cigarettes were made in China. Since they were first sold in 2004 their global usage has increased exponentially. In the United States and the UK its use is widespread. Reasons for using e-cigarettes involve trying to quit smoking, reducing risks, or saving money, even if some use it on a recreational basis. By 2014, the majority of users still smoke tobacco. There are concerns that dual use of tobacco products and electric cigarettes can "delay or prevent quitting". About 60% of users in the UK are smokers and about 40% are former smokers. In the UK the use among those who never smoked was negligible. Due to overlapping with tobacco laws and medical drug policies, e-cigarette laws are debated in many countries. The European Directive 2016 sets the standard for fluids, vaporizers, leaky liquids and containers in children. In August 2016, the US FDA expanded its regulatory powers to include e-cigarettes. There are about 500 brands of electric cigarettes, with global sales of more than US $ 7 billion.
Video Electronic cigarette
Terminology
Electronic cigarettes are also known as e-cigarettes, e-cigs, EC, electronic nicotine delivery systems (END) or electronic non-nicotine delivery systems (ENNDS), personal vaporizers, or PV. They are handheld devices, often made to look like conventional cigarettes, and are used in the same way. E-liquid or juice is the name for a taste solution that goes into the e-cigarette. Aerosols, or steam, are produced by heating the e-liquid. The Irish public health discussion refers to NMNDS ("non-drug nicotine delivery system"). When the FDA commissioned their 2018 report on the ENDS they labeled as Tobacco Products, the authors chose to use the term e-cigarettes for some using e-juice without nicotine.
Maps Electronic cigarette
Use
Frequency
Between their introduction to the market in 2004 and around 2015, the global use of e-cigarettes increased exponentially. In 2013, there are several million users worldwide. Awareness and use of e-cigarettes greatly increased in a relatively short time. Growth rates in the US and UK are slowing down in 2015, although their use is still rising.
Most users have a history of regular cigarette smoking. At least 52% of smokers or former smokers in one area have been vaped. Of the smokers who have, one British study reported that less than 15% became an e-cigarette user every day. Although the use of e-cigarettes among those who have never smoked very low, it continues to increase. A US survey of electric cigarette users conducted from 2011-2012 found that only 1% of respondents used fluorine without nicotine.
Everyday use is common among e-cigarette users. Many e-cigarette users are middle-aged men who also smoke traditional cigarettes. The use of e-cigarette increases among women.
In the US, by 2014, 12.6% of adults have used e-cigarette at least once and about 3.7% are still using it. 1.1% of adults are daily users. Non-smokers and former smokers who have quit more than four years before are highly unlikely to be current users. Former smokers who have recently stopped more than four times more likely to become daily users as current smokers. Experiments are more common among young adults, but daily users are more likely to be older adults.
In the UK, there are about 2.6 million users by 2015 --- about 18% of current smokers and about 5% of the population. 59% of current smokers say they have tried it. Among those who never smoked, 1.1% said they had tried and 0.2% were still using it.
In France in 2014, between 7.7 and 9.2 million people have tried e-cigarettes and 1.1 to 1.9 million use them every day. 67% of French smokers use electric cigarettes to reduce or stop smoking. Of the French who have tried electric cigarettes, 9% have never smoked tobacco. Of the 1.2% who recently quit smoking at the time of the survey, 84% (or 1% of the population surveyed) considered electrical cigarettes as important in quitting smoking.
Motivation
E-cigarette users report several reasons to use:
- Use of recreation;
- To reduce or stop smoking;
- Because they believe vaping is healthier than smoking;
- To avoid smoke-free laws and policies;
- Because e-cigarettes are odor-free; or
- Because in some jurisdictions, they are cheaper.
Marketing aimed at smokers focuses on this motivation. This marketing influences people to try it out.
When users are asked why they first tried e-cigarettes, the reason given is curiosity or experimentation; because a relative uses it; or because they are given or offered.
Some researchers are concerned about vaping during pregnancy.
Some users have stopped vaping due to a problem with the device. Dissatisfaction and safety concerns can also prevent the ongoing use of electric cigarettes.
Progression
Users can start by trying out electrically disposable cigarettes. They often start with electric cigarettes that resemble regular cigarettes, then move on to next generation devices. Most of the next generation e-cigarette users are switching to their current devices to get a "more satisfying click", and users can customize their devices to provide more steam for a better "throat attack".
Children
Although smoking among young people has declined over the past five years, this coincides with growth in the use of alternative nicotine products. Overall the underage vaping frequency is low. However, among school children, the use of electronic cigarettes goes beyond the use of other nicotine products. Some young people who have tried electric cigarettes never smoke, so vaping can be a starting point for nicotine use.
The proof of whether e-cigarettes is the gateway to tobacco smoking is later mixed and contradictory. In the UK, Public Health England says there is no evidence that electric cigarettes increase teenage tobacco smokers, and temporary evidence that electric cigarettes distract young people away from cigarettes; but in the US, researchers say use by young people correlates with an increased desire for smoking, and that teenagers who have been using electric cigarettes are more likely to become smokers than those who do not.
Most young people who vape also smoke. Most say that when they do vape, they use fluids without nicotine. Motivation for use by minors is unlikely to be associated with quitting smoking. He is more likely to be a thrill seeker or a symbol of rebellion.
Some researchers and anti-tobacco advocates fear that irresponsible marketing can make e-cigarettes appealing to young people. There is also a risk that infants or toddlers can swallow e-liquid from devices that are not stored properly.
Other uses
The emergence of e-cigarettes has given smokers marijuana a new method of inhaling kanabinoid. E-cigarettes, also known as vape pens, cartridges and pens, are different from traditional cannabis cigarettes in some ways. It is assumed that vaporizing kanabinoids at lower temperatures is safer because it produces smaller amounts of toxic substances than the burning heat of cannabis cigarettes. Users of recreational marijuana can quietly "pick" odor extracts that are odorless with little disturbance to those around them and less detection possibilities, known as "stealth vaping". While marijuana is not easily soluble in liquids used for e-cigs, recipes containing soluble synthetic cannabinoids can be found on the Internet.
E-cigarettes can be used with other substances and cartridges are potentially filled with liquids containing e-liquids in addition to nicotine, thus serving as a new way to provide other psychoactive drugs, such as THC.
The enriched liquids of Cannabinoid require elaborate and long processing. Some are available on the Internet despite lack of quality control, expiration dates, preservation conditions, or toxicological and clinical assessments. The health consequences of vaping cannabis preparations are largely unknown.
Construction
Design
The main components of e-cigarette are the funnel, cartridge (tank), heating element/sprayer, microprocessor, battery, and maybe LED lights at the end. The only exception to this is a non-electronic electronic (mod) e-cigarette; the circuit is closed by a mechanical action switch. The sprayer consists of a small heating element, or coil, which evaporates the e-liquid and wicking materials that draw fluid to the coil. When the user presses a button, or (in some variations) activates the pressure sensor by inhaling, the heating element sprays the liquid solution. E-liquid reaches a temperature of about 100-250 ° C in a room to create aerosol vapors, which are then inhaled by the user, not cigarette smoke. Aerosols provide flavor and taste similar to tobacco smoking.
There are three main types of electric cigarettes: cigalikes, looking like cigarettes; eGos, larger than cigalikes with refillable liquid tanks; and mods, assembled from the base or by changing the existing product. As the e-cigarette industry continues to grow, new products are quickly developed and brought to the market. The first generation of e-cigarettes tends to look like tobacco cigarettes and is called "cigalikes". Most cigalikes look like cigarettes but there are some variations in size. Traditional cigarettes are smooth and light while the cigalike is stiff and slightly heavier. The second generation device is overall larger and looks less like a tobacco cigarette. Third generation devices include mechanical mod and variable voltage devices. The fourth generation includes Sub ohm tanks and temperature control devices. The power source is the largest component of e-cigarette, which is often a rechargeable lithium-ion battery.
E-Liquid
E-liquid is a mixture used in steam products such as e-cigarettes and generally comprises propylene glycol, glycerine, water, nicotine, and flavorings. While the fluid-varying material typically contains 95% propylene glycol and glycerin. There are many e-liquid manufacturers in the US and around the world, and over 8,000 flavors. Industrial standards have been developed and published by the American E-Liquid Manufacturing Standards Association (AEMSA).
On August 8, 2016, the FDA expanded its regulatory powers to include e-cigarette, e-liquid and all related products. Under this decision the FDA will evaluate certain issues, including ingredients, product features and health risks, as well as their appeal to minors and nonusers. FDA rules also prohibit access to minors. Photo ID is now required to buy e-cigarettes, and sales on all vending machines are not allowed. As of August 2017, regulatory compliance deadlines related to initial review requirements for most e-cigarette and e-liquid products have been extended from November 2017 to 2022.
Health effects
Medical organization position
Smokers will get maximum health benefits if they actually stop using nicotine. The second best option for smokers is to switch to approved and approved nicotine replacement therapy. Most medical organizations, including international organizations such as WHO and people in the US, feel there is insufficient evidence to routinely recommend electronic cigarettes for use in smoking cessation. Other medical organizations, especially the UK, state electronic cigarettes are the third best alternative that makes sense to those who smoke, can not stop, and do not want to switch to conventional NRT.
By 2015, Public Health England states that e-cigarettes are estimated to be 95% more dangerous than smoking. By 2016, The Royal College of Physicians states that with devices currently on the market, long-term steam should experience less than 5% of the dangers they will face if they continue to smoke analog cigarettes.
By 2018 the American Cancer Society released a position statement that encourages support for people who choose to use electric cigarettes over traditional clinical methods of smoking cessation.
By 2018 the CDC reports that vaping has the potential to benefit current, non-pregnant adult smokers if they are a complete replacement for flammable cigarettes and other smoky tobacco products.
Smoking cess
The available research on the use of electric cigarettes for smoking cessation is limited to three randomized controlled trials and several user surveys, case reports, and cohort studies. The latest Cochrane review concludes, with low confidence, that there is evidence that electronic cigarettes can help smokers quit in the long term compared with placebo, but studies relating to their potential impact on smoking cessation and reduction are severely limited.
Some medical authorities recommend that electric cigarettes have a role in quitting smoking, and others disagree. On the one hand, Public Health England recommends that practitioners quit smoking should (1) advise people who want to quit to try electric cigarettes if they fail with conventional nicotine replacement therapy (NRT); and (2) suggest people who can not or do not want to quit to switch to e-cigarettes. On the other hand, the United States Agency's Prevention Task Force recommends using only conventional NRT products in quitting smoking and finding insufficient evidence to recommend electronic cigarettes for this purpose.
A 2016 meta-analysis based on 20 different studies found that smokers who were vaping 28% were less likely to quit than those who had not tried electronic cigarettes. These findings persist whether smokers are initially interested in stopping or not. A 2015 meta-analysis in clinical trials found that nicotine-containing e-liquids are more effective than nicotine-free to quit smoking. They compared their findings that e-cigarettes contained nicotine helped 20% of people quit with results from other studies that found conventional NRT helped 10% of people quit smoking. There is only one study that directly compares first generation electric cigarettes with conventional NRT as a smoking cessation device, so that comparative effectiveness is not known. Two reviews of 2016 found a trend toward the benefits of electrically smoked cigarettes with nicotine to quit smoking, but the evidence was of poor quality. Another review of the year 2016 found that the level of dissatisfaction combined between smokers using e-cigarettes in prospective studies was 29.1%. The same study notes that some clinical trials have not been performed on their effectiveness, and only one belongs to a group using another termination method.
In the United States, e-cigarettes have not been subjected to the same efficacy test as nicotine replacement products. Some authorities, including the World Health Organization, feel there is not enough evidence to recommend e-cigarettes to quit smoking, and there are studies that show a decrease in smoking cessation among multiple users. The 2014 review found that e-cigarettes did not seem to increase the rate of discontinuation compared to regulated nicotine replacement products, and experiments found 29% of e-cigarette users were still vaping at 6 months, but only 8% of patch users were still using patches at 6 months. There is low-quality evidence that vaping helps smokers quit smoking in the long run compared to nicotine-free vaping. Nicotine-containing electronic cigarettes are associated with greater effectiveness to quit smoking than electrically-treated cigarettes without nicotine. E-cigarettes without nicotine can reduce tobacco cravings because of physical stimuli associated with smoking.
Hazard reduction
Tobacco hazard reduction (THR) replaces tobacco cigarettes with low-risk products to reduce death and disease. E-cigarettes can reduce smokers' exposure to carcinogens and other toxic substances found in tobacco, and are likely to be less harmful than tobacco cigarettes. This is the motivation for many e-cigarette users.
The hazards associated with current products on the market are certainly much lower than smoking. However, the danger can be further reduced through appropriate product standards. The British Medical Association encourages health professionals to recommend conventional nicotine replacement therapy, but for patients who do not want to use or continue using the method, healthcare professionals can present electric cigarettes as a low-risk option than smoking. The American Association of Public Health Physicians (AAPHP) advises those who do not want to quit tobacco smoking or can not stop with medical advice and pharmaceutical methods should consider other nicotine-containing products such as electronic cigarettes and smokeless tobacco for long-term use rather than smoking.
Tobacco smoke contains 100 known carcinogens, and 900 potential cancer-causing chemicals, none of which are found in more quantities than the amount of e-cigarette vapor. The main concern is that smokers who can quit will entirely develop an alternative nicotine dependency instead. The 2014 review states that the promotion of vaping as a harm reduction aid is premature, but they can help reduce tobacco-related deaths and diseases if examined more closely. Other reviews found that compared to cigarettes, e-cigarettes tend to be much less, if at all, harmful to users or observers. The authors caution against the potential dangers of over-regulation and advise health professionals to consider suggesting smokers who are reluctant to quit by other methods to switch to electric cigarettes as a safer alternative to smoking. The 2015 UK Public Health report concludes that the use of e-cigarettes "releases negligible levels of nicotine into the ambient air without any identified health risk to those around them." The 2014 review recommends that regulations for electric cigarettes be similar to regulations for food supplements or cosmetic products to avoid limiting their potential for harm reduction. A review of 2012 found that electric cigarettes can greatly reduce traditional cigarette use and they may be used as a substitute for the lower risk of traditional cigarettes, but there is not enough data on their safety and efficacy to draw definite conclusions.
In an interview, the director of the Office of Cigarettes and Health for the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) believes that there is enough evidence to say that using electric cigarettes may be less dangerous than smoking a conventional cigarette. However, due to the lack of regulation of the contents of electric cigarettes and the presence of nicotine, the CDC has issued a warning. A WHO 2014 report concludes that some smokers will switch entirely to electric cigarettes from traditional tobacco but "large enough" numbers will use both. The report finds that the "double use" of electric and tobacco cigarettes "will have a far less profitable effect on overall survival compared to fully quitting smoking."
Security
Electronic cigarette security is uncertain. However, they are probably much safer than tobacco cigarettes, because there is no ash, tar, carbon and carbon monoxide that enter the lung inhaler. There is considerable variation between the vaporizer and in the quality of their liquid material and thus the content of the vapors. Reviews on electronic cigarette safety, analyzing almost the same study, yielded very different conclusions. In July 2014, a World Health Organization (WHO) report warned of potential risks of using e-cigarettes. US Food and Drug and Food Products (FDA) that are regulated such as nicotine inhalers may be safer than electric cigarettes. A systematic review in 2014 concludes that the risk of electric cigarettes has been exaggerated by health authorities and suggests that while there may be some remaining risk, the risk of using electric cigarettes may be small compared to tobacco smoking.
The long-term effects of using e-cigarettes are unknown. Improved lung function and lung health have been demonstrated among smokers who turn to electric cigarettes. The 2014 Cochrane Review found no serious adverse effects reported in clinical trials. Less serious side effects of using electric cigarettes include throat and irritation of the mouth, vomiting, nausea, and cough. The evidence shows that they produce less harmful effects than tobacco. The WHO report 2014 says, "ENDS use poses a serious threat to teens and fetuses." In addition to toxicity, there are also risks of abuse or accidents such as contact with liquid nicotine, fires caused by vaporizer damage, and explosions as a result of old charging, inappropriate chargers, or design flaws. The battery explosion is caused by an increase in internal battery temperature and some have resulted in severe skin burns. There is a small risk of battery explosion on the device being modified to increase battery power.
E-liquids have a low toxicity level, but contamination with various chemicals has been found. The majority of toxic chemicals found in tobacco smoke are absent in e-cigarette vapors. Those present are mostly below 1% of the appropriate level in tobacco smoke, and well below the security limits for occupational exposure. The metal part of the e-cigarette in contact with the e-liquid can contaminate the metal. The normal use of electric cigarettes produces very low levels of formaldehyde. Next-generation cigarettes can produce high levels of formaldehyde, but only when they experience a temperature drop under conditions that are very similar to how the device is actually used. The user detects a "dry popup" and avoids it, and the report concludes that "There is no indication that EC users are exposed to dangerous levels of aldehydes." E-cigarette users who use nicotine-containing e-cigarettes are exposed to potentially harmful effects. Nicotine is associated with cardiovascular disease, potential birth defects, and poisoning. In vitro , studies of nicotine have linked it to cancer, but carcinogenicity has not been shown in vivo . There is insufficient research to show that nicotine is associated with cancer in humans. The risk may be low from inhalation of propylene glycol and glycerin. No information is available about the long-term effects of inhalation of taste. Most cardiovascular effects of ECs are consistent with nicotine. According to a 2017 review, it is likely that ECs may have adverse cardiovascular effects on users, especially those who already have cardiovascular disease. However, the review also concludes that "the risk is considered to be less than cigarette smoking based on the qualitative and quantitative comparison of EC aerosols versus cigarette smoke constituents."
E-cigarettes produce steam that consists of ultrafine particles, with the majority of particles in the ultrafine range. Steam has been found to contain flavors, propylene glycol, glycerine, nicotine, small amounts of toxins, carcinogens, heavy metals, and metal nanoparticles, and other chemicals. Exactly what consists of steam varies in composition and concentration inside and inside the plant. However, e-cigarettes can not be considered harmless. There are concerns that some of the major steam exhaled by e-cigarette users can be inhaled by observers, especially indoors. The use of electronic cigarettes by parents can lead to unintentional health risks in offspring. The 2014 review recommends that e-cigarettes be regulated for consumer safety. There is limited information available on environmental issues surrounding the production, use and disposal of electric cigarettes using cartridges.
Passive Vaping
The World Health Organization's view on second-hand aerosol (SHA) is "that while there are limited studies in this area, it can be concluded that SHA is a new source of air contamination for particulate matter, which includes fine and ultra fine particles, and 1,2-propanediol , some VOC [volatile organic compounds], some heavy metals, and nicotine "and" [I]. However it is reasonable to assume that the increased concentration of toxins from SHA above the background levels raises the risk for the health of all observers. " British Public Health has concluded that "international peer-reviewed evidence suggests that the health risks to the observers of exhaust vapors are very low and insufficient to justify banning electrical cigarettes." A systematic review concludes, "the absolute impact of passive exposure to steam EC [electronic cigarettes] has the potential to cause adverse health effects.The risk of passive exposure to steam EC tends to be less than the risk of passive exposure to conventional cigarette smoke."
Dependency
Nicotine, the main ingredient in e-liquids, is a highly addictive substance, at a level comparable to heroin and cocaine. Nicotine stimulates the cortical areas associated with appreciation, pleasure, and reduces anxiety. When nicotine intake stops, withdrawal symptoms include nicotine cravings, irritability, anxiety, depression, impatience, insomnia, anxiety, starvation or weight gain, and difficulty concentrating. It is unclear whether the use of electric cigarettes will decrease or increase nicotine addiction as a whole, but the nicotine content in electric cigarettes is enough to cause or maintain nicotine dependence.
The World Health Organization is concerned about addiction to non-smokers, and the National Institute for Drug Abuse says that electric cigarettes can retain nicotine dependence on those who try to quit smoking. Available limited data shows that the possibility of abuse of electronic cigarettes is smaller than traditional cigarettes. A systematic review of 2014 found that concerns that electric cigarettes can cause people who do not smoke to start smoking are not proven. No long-term studies have been conducted on the effectiveness of electric cigarettes in treating tobacco addiction, but some evidence suggests that the dual use of traditional electric and cigarette cigarettes may be associated with greater nicotine dependence.
Nicotine results
Smoking results in traditional cigarettes between 0.5 and 1.5 mg of nicotine, but the cigarette nicotine content is only weakly correlated with the levels of nicotine in the blood circulation of smokers. The amount of nicotine in e-cigarette aerosols varies greatly from puff-to-puff or between products from the same company. In practice e-cigarette users tend to achieve lower blood nicotine concentrations than smokers, especially when the user is inexperienced or using a previous generation device. Nicotine in tobacco smoke is absorbed into the bloodstream rapidly, and electrical cigarette vapor is relatively slow in this regard. The concentration of nicotine in e-liquid ranges up to 36 Âμg/mL. The new EU regulations limit this to 2% (20mg/mL), but this is an arbitrary ceiling based on limited data. In practice, the concentration of nicotine in e-liquids is not a reliable guide to the amount of nicotine reaching the bloodstream.
History
Early e-cigarettes can be traced to Herbert A. Gilbert, who in 1963 patented "a non-tobacco smoke cigarette" involving "replacing burning tobacco and paper with heated, moist, air flavor". This tool produces steam-scented vapor without nicotine. The patent was awarded in 1965. Gilbert's invention preceded his time. There was a prototype, but got little attention and never commercialized because smoking was still fashionable at the time. Gilbert said in 2013 that the current electric cigarette follows the basic design set forth in the original patent.
Hon Lik, a Chinese pharmacist and inventor who works as a research pharmacist for companies producing ginseng products, is credited with the invention of modern electronic cigarettes. Lik quit smoking after his father, also a heavy smoker, died of lung cancer. In 2001, he thought to use a high-frequency, piezoelectric ultrasound-emitting element to evaporate a liquid pressure jet containing nicotine. This design creates steam like smoke. Lik says that using heating resistance gets better results and the difficulty is to lower the device to a fairly small size. Lik's invention is meant to be an alternative to smoking.
Hon Lik registered a patent for modern e-cigarette design in 2003. Electronic cigarettes were first introduced to the Chinese domestic market in 2004. Many versions were made to the US, sold mostly over the internet by small marketing companies. E-cigarettes entered the European and US markets in 2006 and 2007. Companies working for Lik, Golden Dragon Holdings, registered an international patent in November 2007. The company changed its name to Ruyan (literally "Resembling cigarettes") and then on the same month and start exporting its products. Many US and Chinese e-cig makers copied their designs illegally, so Lik has not received much financial reward for his invention (although some US producers have compensated him through an out-of-court settlement). Ruyan later changed his company name to Dragonite International Limited. Most e-cigarettes today use battery-powered heating elements rather than previous ultrasonic design technologies.
When e-cigarettes enter the international market, some users are not satisfied with their performance, and electric cigarettes continue to evolve from the first generation three-part device. In 2007, British businessmen, Umer and Tariq Sheikh, discovered cartomizer. It is a mechanism that integrates the heating coil into the liquid chamber. They launched this new device in the UK in 2008 under their Gamucci brand, and its design is now widely adopted by most of the "cigalike" brands. Other users tinker with different parts to produce more satisfying homemade devices, and a hobby of "modding" is born. The first mod to replace the electric cigarette case to accommodate a more durable battery, dubbed the "screwdriver", was developed by Ted and Matt Rogers in 2008. Other fans built their own mod to enhance functionality or aesthetics. When mod images appear in online vaping forums, many people want them, so some mod makers produce more for sale.
Demand for electrically adjustable cigarettes encourages some manufacturers to produce devices with replaceable components that can be user-selectable. In 2009, Joyetech developed an eGo series that offers the power of user-activated screwdriver and switch models to a wide market. Clearomizer was discovered in 2009. Originally from cartomizer design, it contains wicking material, e-liquid space, and a coil of atomizer in one clear component. Clearomizer allows users to monitor liquid levels on the device. As soon as the clearomizer reaches the market, replacement spray coils and variable voltage batteries are introduced. Clearomizers and eGo batteries are the best-selling customizable e-cigarette component in early 2012.
International tobacco companies consider e-cigarettes as a trend at first. However, by recognizing the development of a potential new market sector that could make traditional tobacco products obsolete, they began to produce and market their own brand of electric cigarettes and acquire existing electric cigarette companies. blu eCigs, a leading US electrical cigar manufacturer, was acquired by Lorillard Inc. in 2012. British American Tobacco is the first tobacco business to sell electric cigarettes in the UK. They launched Vype in 2013, while Imperial Tobacco's Fontem Ventures acquired the intellectual property owned by Hon Lik through Dragonite International Limited for US $ 75 million in 2013 and launched Puritane in partnership with Boots UK. On October 1, 2013 Lorillard Inc. acquired another e-cigarette company, this time SKYCIG, a UK-based company. SKY renamed blue. On February 3, 2014, Altria Group, Inc. acquired the popular electronic cigarette brand, Green Smoke, for $ 110 million. The deal was settled in April 2014 of $ 110 million with $ 20 million in incentive payments. Altria also markets its own e-cigarette, MarkTen, while Reynolds American has entered the sector with its Vuse product. Philip Morris, the world's largest tobacco company, bought Nicocigs from the UK in June 2014. On April 30, 2015, Japan Tobacco purchased the US Logic e-cigarette brand. Japan Tobacco also purchased the E-Lites brand in the UK in June 2014. On July 15, 2014, Lorillard sold blu to Imperial Tobacco as part of a $ 7.1 billion deal.
In 2014, dollar sales of adjustable e-cigarette and e-liquid surpassed the sale of cigalikes in the US, despite the fact that customizables are cheaper.
Society and culture
Consumers of e-cigarettes, sometimes called "vapers", have shown strong support for electric cigarettes that are not accepted by other nicotine replacement therapies. This shows that electric cigarettes have a potential mass appeal that can challenge the position of a combustible tobacco market.
The subculture of "vapers" has appeared. These emerging subculture members often see electric cigarettes as a safer alternative to smoking, and some see it as a hobby. Forum Cigarettes Electronic Forum online is one of the first big communities. These and other online forums, such as UKVaper.org, are the origin of modding hobbies. There are also groups on Facebook and Reddit. An online forum based around modding has grown in the vaping community. Vapers enthusiastically embraces e-cigarette related activities and sometimes acts as an unpaid evangelist according to a 2014 review. A 2014 editor of the Journal of Post-Graduate Medicine states that e-cigarette companies have a presence a substantial online, as well as many vapers of individuals who blog and tweet about products related to cigarettes. The editorial states that vapers "also engage in a highly offensive online offensive on anyone who has the courage to suggest that END is anything other than an innovation that can save thousands of lives without risk." The 2014 review states that tobacco and e-cigarette companies interact with consumers for their policy agenda. Companies use websites, social media, and marketing to get consumers involved in opposing bills that include e-cigarettes in non-smoking laws. The same reviews say it's similar to the tobacco industry activity going back to the 1980s. This approach is used in Europe to minimize EU Tobacco Product Referrals by October 2013. Actual grassroots grubs also influence TPD decisions. Rebecca Taylor, a member of the European Parliament, stated, "to say that the organized campaign is absolute rubbish." The insult to "big tobacco" is part of the vaping culture.
The vaper meeting, called vape meet, takes place around the United States. They focus on the e-cig device, accessories, and lifestyle that accompany it. Vapefest, which started in 2010, is an annual event organized by various cities. People who attend this meeting are usually fans who use community-made products not found in department stores or gas stations. These products are mostly available online or in a special "vape" storefront where major brands of tobacco cigarettes from the tobacco industry and larger e-cig manufacturers are not as popular. Some vape shops have a vape bar where customers can test various e-libraries and socialize. The Electronic Cigarette Convention in North America beginning in 2013, is an annual event where companies and consumers meet.
A subclass of vaper configures their atomizers to produce large amounts of steam by using low resistance heating coils. This practice is called "cloud-chasing" By using coils with very low resistance, the batteries are stressed at potentially unsafe levels. This could present the risk of malicious battery failure. When vaping is in increased focus, some members of the vaping community have voiced their concerns about cloud pursuit, claiming that the practice is giving a bad reputation when doing it in public. The words of this year's Oxford Dictionaries for 2014 are "vape".
Rule
The rules of electronic cigarettes vary in different countries and countries, ranging from no regulations to ban them completely. Others have implemented strict restrictions and some have licensed devices as drugs like in the UK. By 2015, about two-thirds of the major powers have set up e-cigarettes in several ways. Due to potential relationships with tobacco laws and medical drug policies, e-cigarette laws are being debated in many countries. Companies that create e-cigarettes have pushed laws that support their interests. In 2016 the US Department of Transportation prohibited the use of e-cigarettes on commercial flights. This rule applies to all flights to and from the US. In 2018, the Royal College of Physicians requested that a balance be found in the e-cigarette rules that ensure product safety while encouraging smokers to use it instead of analogue, as well as overseeing the effects that conflict with the control institutions for tobacco..
The legal status of electric cigarettes is currently waiting in many countries. Many countries such as Brazil, Singapore, Seychelles, Uruguay, and Norway have banned e-cigarettes. In Canada, they are technically illegal to sell, as there is no nicotine-containing fluid approved by Health Canada, but these are generally not enforced and are generally available for sale in Canada. In the US and the UK, the use and sale of adults from electric cigarettes is legal. On August 8, 2016, the FDA expanded its regulatory powers to include e-cigarettes. Under this decision the FDA will evaluate certain issues, including ingredients, product features and health risks, as well as their appeal to minors and nonusers. FDA rules also prohibit access to minors. Photo ID is required to purchase e-cigarettes, and sales on all vending machines are not allowed. In May 2016 the FDA employs its authority under the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act to consider e-cigarette and e-liquid devices to be tobacco products intended to regulate the marketing, labeling and manufacturing of devices and liquids; vape shops that mix e-liquids or make or modify devices are considered to be manufacturing sites that need to be registered with the FDA and comply with good manufacturing practice rules. Electric and tobacco cigarette companies have recruited lobbyists in an effort to prevent the FDA from evaluating e-cigarette products or banning products already in the market.
In February 2014, the European Parliament passed a regulation requiring standardization and quality control for liquids and vaporizers, disclosure of liquids, and anti-leakage and tamper-proofing tests for liquid packaging. In April 2014, the FDA issued proposed regulations for e-cigarettes along the same line. In the US, some countries wear electronic cigarettes as tobacco products, and some states and local governments have expanded their indoor smoking ban to include electric cigarettes. As of 9 October 2015, at least 48 states and 2 territories prohibit the sale of e-cigarettes to minors.
E-cigarettes have been listed as drug delivery vehicles in some countries because they contain nicotine, and their ads have been limited until clinical trials efficacy and efficacy can be inferred. Since they do not contain tobacco, television commercials in the US are not restricted. Some countries have arranged e-cigarettes as medical products even though they have not approved them as a stop smoking aid. The 2014 review states that the emerging e-cigarette phenomenon has raised concerns in the healthcare community, government and the general public and recommends that electronic cigarettes be regulated to protect consumers. He added that "heavy regulation by restricting access to e-cigarettes will only encourage the use of unhealthy tobacco tobacco." The 2014 review says that these products should be considered for regulation given the "adverse health effects reported".
Marketing
The 2014 review said, "Electric cigarette companies have grown rapidly using aggressive marketing messages similar to those used to promote cigarettes in the 1950s and 1960s." E-cigarettes and nicotine are regularly promoted as safe and useful in the media and on brand websites. Although tobacco product advertising is banned in most countries, television and e-cigarette radio advertising in some countries may indirectly encourage smoking. There is no evidence that cigarette brands sell electric cigarettes as part of a plan to stop traditional cigarettes, although some claim to want to work together on "harm reduction". In the US, six major e-cigarette businesses spend $ 59.3 million to promote e-cigarettes by 2013. Easily verified age verification on corporate websites allows young people to access and be exposed to marketing for e-cigarettes.
A US national television ad campaign starring Steven Dorff blew the "thick smoke" of what the ad described as "steam, not tobacco smoke," advising smokers with the message "We're all adults here, it's time to take our freedom back. " The ads, in the context of banning long-time cigarette advertisements on TV, were criticized by organizations such as the Tobacco-Free Campaign for Tobacco Kids as a debilitating anti-tobacco effort. Cynthia Hallett of America for Non-Smokers' Rights describes a US advertising campaign as an attempt to "reassert the norm that smoking is okay, that smoking is glamorous and acceptable". University of Pennsylvania University of Communication professor Joseph Cappella stated that the near-ocean advertising arrangement is intended to show a clean air connection with nicotine products.
The 2014 review says that electric cigarettes are promoted aggressively, mostly over the internet, as a healthy alternative to smoking in the US. Celebrity endorsements are used to encourage the use of electric cigarettes. "Large tobacco" sells electric cigarettes to young people, with industry strategies including cartoon characters and candy flavors to sell electric cigarettes. Electric tobacco companies generally promote that their products contain only water, nicotine, glycerin, propylene glycol, and flavoring, but this statement is misleading because scientists have found a number of different heavy metals in the vapor, including chromium, nickel, lead, silver, cadmium, mercury , and aluminum. The statement that electric cigarettes emit "only water vapor" is false because evidence suggests that e-cigarette vapor contains harmful chemicals such as nicotine, carbonyl, metals, and volatile organic compounds, other than particulates.
Economy
The number of electric cigarettes sold increases every year from 2003 to 2015, when slow growth in usage occurs both in the US and the UK. In 2014 there are at least 466 brands of electric cigarettes. Worldwide e-cigarette sales in 2014 are approximately US $ 7 billion. About 30-50% of total e-cigarette sales are handled on the internet.
By 2015, most e-cigarette devices are made in China, especially in Shenzhen. The market share of Chinese enterprises e-liquid is low.
In the US, tobacco manufacturers have a significant e-cigarette market share. Starting in 2015, 80% of all e-cigarette sales at department stores in the US are products made by tobacco companies. According to Nielsen Holdings, e-cigarette sales at retail stores in the US dropped for the first time over a four-week period ending May 10, 2014. Wells Fargo analyst Bonnie Herzog attributes this decline to a shift in consumer behavior, buying more specialized devices or he calls "vapors/tanks/mods (VTMs)" not tracked by Nielsen. Wells Fargo estimates that VTM accounts for 57% of the $ 3.5 billion market in the US for steam products by 2015. By 2014, the Smoke Free Alternative Trade Association estimates that there are 35,000 vape stores in the US, more than triple the number a year earlier. However, the slowdown in 2015 market growth also affects VTM.
In Canada, e-cigarettes have an estimated value of 140 million CAD by 2015. There are many e-cigarette retail stores in Canada. A retail audit of four Canadian cities by 2014 found that 94% of grocery stores, department stores, and tobacco stores selling cigarettes only sell nicotine-free varieties, while all vape stores store at least one nicotine-containing product.
In the UK in 2015 the most prominent "cigalikes brand" is owned by tobacco companies, however, with the exception of one model, all types of tanks come from "non-tobacco industry companies". But some tobacco industry products, when using refilled cartridges, resemble a tank model.
The French electronic cigarette market is estimated by Groupe Xerfi to be EUR130 million by 2015. In addition, France's e-liquid market is estimated at EUR265 million. By December 2015, there were 2,400 vape shops in France, 400 fewer than in March of the same year. Fivape's industry organization said the reduction was due to consolidation, not to reduce demand.
In April 2018, shares of Phillip Morris International fell 16% in a day. Consumer preferences for electric cigarettes have a dramatic effect on the tobacco industry.
Related technology
Other devices to deliver the inhaled nicotine have been developed. They aim to mimic aspects of traditional cigarette rituals and behaviors.
British American Tobacco, through its subsidiary Nicoventures licensed a nicotine delivery system based on existing asthma inhaler technology from UK-based healthcare firm Kind Consumer. In September 2014, a product based on this named Voke obtained approval from the UK's Agency for Drugs and Healthcare Products Regulatory.
In 2011 Philip Morris International (PMI) purchased the rights to nicotine pyruvic technology developed by Jed Rose at Duke University. This technology is based on a chemical reaction between pyruvic acid and nicotine, which produces inhalable nicotine vapor.
The PAX Laboratory has developed a vaporizer that warms tobacco leaves to produce nicotine in steam. On June 1, 2015, they introduced a different type of electric cigar Juul that gives 10 times more nicotine than any other electric cigarette, equivalent to the actual puff cigarette.
BLOW began selling e-hookah, an electronic version of hookah, in 2014. Several companies including Canadian Canadian Energy Eagles sell non-nicotine-based cigarette-based cigarettes.
See also
- Electronic cigarette in Australia
Note
References
External links
Media related to Electronic cigarette on Wikimedia Commons
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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