Some common fuel ethanol blends are being used worldwide. The use of ethanol hydrate or pure anhydride in an internal combustion engine (ICE) is only possible if the machine is designed or modified for that purpose, and is used only in cars, light trucks and motorcycles. Ethanol anhydrate can be mixed with gasoline (gasoline) for use in gasoline engines, but with high ethanol content only after modification of a small machine.
The ethanol fuel mixture has an "E" figure that describes the percentage of ethanol fuel in volume mixtures, for example, E85 is 85% anhydrous ethanol and 15% gasoline. The mixture of ethanol is low, from E5 to E25, although internationally the most common use of this term refers to a mixture of E10.
A mixture of E10 or less is used in more than 20 countries worldwide, led by the United States, where ethanol represents 10% of the US gasoline fuel supply in 2011. A mixture of E20 to E25 has been used in Brazil since the late 1970s. E85 is commonly used in the US and Europe for flexible fuel vehicles. Hydro or E100 ethanol is used in Brazilian neat ethanol vehicles and light fuel and hydra E15 flexible vehicles called hE15 for modern gasoline cars in the Netherlands.
Video Common ethanol fuel mixtures
E10 atau kurang
E10, a fuel mixture of 10% anhydrous ethanol and 90% gasoline sometimes called gasohol, can be used in internal combustion engines of most modern cars and light vehicles without the need for modifications to engines or fuel systems. The E10 mix is ​​typically rated as 2 to 3 octane numbers higher than regular gasoline and is approved for use in all new US automobiles, and is mandated in some areas for emissions and other reasons. The mixture of E10 and lower ethanol blends have been used in some countries, and their use has been driven mainly by some of the world's energy shortages that have occurred since the oil crisis of 1973.
Other common mixtures include E5 and E7. This concentration is generally safe for new engines that must run on pure gasoline. In 2006, the mandate to integrate bioethanol into vehicle fuel has been imposed in at least 36 states/provinces and 17 countries at the national level, with most mandates requiring a 10 to 15% ethanol blend with gasoline.
One measure of alternative fuels in the US is the "gas equivalent gallon" (GEG). In 2002, the US was used as a motor fuel, ethanol of 137,000 terajoules (TJ), equivalent to 1.13 billion gallon (4.3 billion liters) of gasoline. This is less than 1% of the total fuel used that year.
E10 and other ethanol blends are considered beneficial in reducing US dependence on foreign oil, and can reduce carbon monoxide (CO) emissions by 20 to 30% under appropriate conditions. Although E10 does not reduce greenhouse gas emissions and greenhouse gases such as CO 2 by about 2% of regular gasoline, it can lead to increased evaporative emissions and some pollutants depending on factors like vehicle age and weather conditions. According to the Philippine Department of Energy, the use of no more than 10% of the ethanol-gasoline blend is not harmful to the car's fuel system. Generally, gasoline car containing alcohol (ethanol or methanol) is not recommended for use in airplanes.
Availability
- E10 was introduced nationally in Thailand in 2007, replacing 91 octane gasoline in the country by 2013.
- E10 is generally available in the Midwestern United States. It is also mandated for use in all standard car fuels in the state of Florida at the end of 2010. Due to the gradual elimination of MTBE as a petrol additive and largely due to the mandates laid down in the Energy Policy Act of 2005 and the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007, the ethanol blend has increased across the United States, and in 2009, the ethanol market share in US gasoline supplies accounted for nearly 8% of the volume.
- The chain of Tesco supermarkets in the UK has started selling the E5 brand of gasoline marketed as 99 RON super-unleaded. The selling price is lower than the other two forms of high octane unleaded on the market, Shell's V-Power (99 RON) and BP's Ultimate (97 RON).
- Many gas stations throughout Australia now also sell E10, usually at a few cents cheaper per liter than without the usual lead. This is more commonly found throughout the state of Queensland because of the large sugarcane farming areas. The use of E10 is also subsidized by the Queensland government. Many gas stations no longer offer "Regular 91" petrol option, but only offer Regular E10 (91), Premium (95) and Premium (98), although regular unleaded relics are generally available in Victoria.
- In Sweden, all 95-octane gasoline E5, while the current 98-octane fuel status is unclear. The product data sheet from the main fuel chain does not clearly state the ethanol content of their 98-octane gasoline. In the early mid-1990s, several fuel chains sold the E10.
- As of January 2011, all 95-octane fuel in Finland is E10, and 98E5 octane fuel is also available.
- The mixture of ethanol mixing is approved in Mozambique, but the percentage in the mixture has not been determined.
- South Africa approved the biofuel strategy in 2007, and required an 8% ethanol blend in 2013.
- The 2007 Uruguay law requires a minimum of 5% ethanol to be mixed with gasoline from January 2015. Monopoly, state-owned, ANCAP fuel producers began to combine premium gasoline with 10% bioethanol in December 2009, which will be available in all countries at the earliest January 2010. Two other gasoline will follow in 2010.
- The Dominican Republic has a mandate to integrate 15% ethanol by 2015.
- Chile is considering the introduction of E5, and Panama, Bolivia, and Venezuela from E10.
A 2011 study conducted by the VTT Technical Research Center of Finland found practically no difference in fuel consumption in normal driving conditions between the value of commercial gasoline 95E10 and 98E5 sold in Finland, despite the public perception that fuel consumption was significantly higher by 95E10. VTT performs comparative tests under controlled laboratory conditions and their measurements show the tested cars using an average of 10.30 liter (2.27 galaxy; 2.72 US dollars) 95E10 per 100 km (62 mi), compared to 10, 23 liters (2,25 Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, caliber 2,00E5 per 100Ã, km (62 mi) The difference is 0.07 in flat support 98E5, which means that using 95E10 gasoline, which has higher ethanol content, increases the consumption by 0.7% When the measurement is normalized, the difference is to 1.0%, the result is very consistent with the estimated calorific value based on compost estimates fuel content, which came out at 1.1% supporting E5.
Maps Common ethanol fuel mixtures
E15
E15 contains 15% ethanol and 85% gasoline. This is generally the highest ratio of ethanol to gasoline that may be used in vehicles recommended by some car manufacturers to run on E10 in the US. This is due to hydrophilic and ethanol solvent power.
As a result of the 2007 Energy Independence and Security Act, which mandates the increase in renewable fuels for the transportation sector, the US Department of Energy initiated an assessment for the feasibility of using medium ethanol blends in existing vehicle fleets as a way to enable higher ethanol fuel consumption. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) conducted a test to evaluate the potential impact of medium ethanol blends on legacy vehicles and other machines. In an initial report released in October 2008, NREL presented the first evaluation results of E10, E15 and E20 gasoline mixed effects on exhaust and evaporative emissions, catalysts and engine durability, vehicle motion, engine operability, and vehicles and engines. ingredients. This preliminary report found that no vehicle displays a malfunction indicator light as a result of the ethanol blend used; no symptoms of fuel filter blockage were observed; no cold initial problems were observed at 24 ° C, (75 ° F) and 10 ° C (50 ° F), laboratory conditions; and as expected, computer technology available in newer model vehicles adapting to higher octane leads to lower emissions with greater horsepower and in some cases greater fuel economy.
In March 2009, the lobby group from the ethanol industry, Energy Growth, formally requested the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to allow the ethanol content in gasoline to be increased to 15% from 10%. Organizations conducting such studies include the Department of Energy, the State of Minnesota, the Renewable Fuel Association, the Rochester Institute of Technology, the Minnesota Automotive Research Center, and the Stockholm University in Sweden.
In October 2010, the EPA granted a waiver to allow up to 15% of ethanol mixed with gasoline to be sold only for light-weight cars and light pickup trucks with the 2007 model or newer, representing about 15% of vehicles on US roads. In January 2011, the waiver was extended to certify the use of E15 to include models from 2001 to 2006 passenger vehicles. The EPA also decides not to impose any waiver for the use of E15 on all motorcycles, heavy-duty vehicles, or non-road machines because the current test data does not support such waivers. According to the Renewable Fuel Association, the E15 waiver now covers 62% of road vehicles in the US, and the estimate of ethanol groups if all cars and pickups of 2001 and later use E15, theoretical mixed walls for ethanol use would be about 17.5 billion gallons (66.2 billion liters) per year. The EPA is still studying whether older automakers can withstand a 15% ethanol blend.
The EPA's waiver allows E15 sales only from September 15 to May 31 from black hose and yellow hose to flex fuel vehicles from June 1 to September 14 only. Retailers have avoided building infrastructure due to the expensive regulatory requirements that have created a practical barrier to higher mixed commercialization. Most fuel stations do not have enough pumps to offer a new mix, some pumps are certified to issue E15, and no special tank is available to store E15. Also, some state and federal regulations must change before E15 can be sold legally. The National Association of Convenience Stores, which represents the majority of petrol retailers, considers the potential for actual E15 demand small, "because the automotive industry does not embrace fuel and does not adjust their warranty or recommendation for this type of fuel." One possible solution to infrastructure constraints is the introduction of a blender pump that allows consumers to change the dial to select the ethanol level, which will also allow the owner of flexible fuel cars to purchase E85 fuel.
In June 2011 the EPA, in collaboration with the Federal Trade Commission, issued a final decision on the E15 warning label required to be displayed at all E15 fuel dispensers in the US to inform consumers about what vehicles can be, and what vehicles and equipment can not, use E15 blend. Both the Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers and the National Petrochemical and Refiners Association complain that relying on these warning labels is not enough to protect consumers from misfueling. In July 2012, a refueling station in Lawrence, Kansas became the first in the US to sell the E15 blend. Fuel is sold through a blender pump that allows customers to choose between E10, E15, E30 or E85, with the last mix sold only for flexible fuel vehicles. As of June 2013, there are about 24 fueling stations selling E15 from 180,000 stations across the US.
In December 2010, several groups, including the Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers, the American Petroleum Institute, the International Association of Automobile Manufacturers, the National Association of Marine Manufacturers, the Institute of Outer Power Equipment, and the Grocery Factory Association filed a lawsuit against the EPA in the United States Court of Appeals for the Circuit District of Columbia. The plaintiffs argue that the EPA has no authority to issue a "partial abandonment" that includes several cars and not others. Among other arguments, groups argue that higher ethanol blends are not only a problem for cars, but also for fuel pumps and underground tanks that are not designed for E15 blends. It also argues that the increase in ethanol has contributed to a huge jump in corn prices in recent years. In August 2012, the federal appeals court rejected the lawsuit against the EPA. The case was issued for technical reasons, because the court ruled the groups had no legal standing to challenge the EPA's decision to issue a waiver for E15. In June 2013, the US Supreme Court refused to hear calls from industry groups opposed to the EPA's decision on E15, and let the federal appeals court ruling 2012 stand.
In November 2012, E15 sales were not allowed in California, and according to the California Air Resources Board (CARB), the mix is ​​still awaiting approval, and in a public statement the agency said that " it takes several years to complete vehicle testing and rule development which is needed to introduce new transportation fuels to the California market. "
According to a survey conducted by the American Automobile Association (AAA) in 2012, only about 12 million of the more than 240 million light vehicles on US roads in 2012 are approved by manufacturers that fully comply with E15 gasoline. According to the Association, BMW, Chrysler, Nissan, Toyota, and Volkswagen warn that their warranty will not cover E15 related damage. Despite the controversy, to conform to EPA regulations, 2012 and 2013 model vehicles produced by General Motors can use fuels that contain up to 15 percent ethanol, as indicated in the vehicle owner's manual. However, car manufacturers warn that for the 2011 model year or the previous vehicle, they "strongly recommend that GM customers refer to their owner's manual for appointing the right fuel for their vehicle." Ford Motor Company also manufactures all vehicles compatible with E15 2013, including electric and hybrid vehicles with Ecoboost engines. Also Porsche built since 2001 approved by the manufacturer to use E15. Volkswagen announces that for the 2014 model year, the whole range will be capable of E15. Fiat Chrysler Automobiles announced in August 2015 that all models of 2016 Chrysler/Fiat, Jeep, Dodge and Ram will be compatible with E15.
In November 2013, the Environmental Protection Agency opened for public commentary on its proposal to reduce the amount of ethanol needed in US gasoline supplies as mandated by the Energy and Independence Act of 2007. The agency cites problems with increasing ethanol blends above 10%. This limit, known as "mixed walls," refers to the practical difficulties of incorporating an increase in the amount of ethanol into the transport fuel supply at a volume exceeding that achieved by sales of almost all gasoline as E10.
hE15
A 15% hydro ethanol and 85% gasoline mixture, hE15, have been introduced at general gas stations in the Netherlands since 2008. Ethanol fuel specifications worldwide traditionally dictate the use of anhydrous ethanol (less than 1% water) for gasoline blending. This results in additional costs, energy usage and environmental impacts associated with the additional processing steps required to dehydrate the resulting hydro ethanol by distillation (3.5-4.9 vol.% Water) to meet current anhydrous ethanol specifications. The patented invention discloses hydro ethanol can be effectively used in most applications of ethanol/gasoline blends.
According to the Brazil ANP specification, hydro ethanol contains up to 4.9 vol.% Water. In hE15, this will be up to 0.74 vol.% Water in the whole mixture. Japanese and German scientific evidence reveals water is an inhibitor for corrosion by ethanol.
Experiments show that water in ethanol fuel inhibits dry corrosion. At 10,000 ppm of water in an E50 experiment by JARI and 3,500 ppm of water in an E20 experiment by TU Darmstadt, the corrosion of alcohol/alkoxide ceased. In this ethanol fuel it resembles 20,000 ppm or 2% volume in the case of JARI and 5 x 3500 = 17,500 ppm of 1.75% volume in the case of TU Darmstadt. This observation is in line with the fact that hydro ethanol is known for being less corrosive than anhydrous ethanol. The reaction mechanism will be the same in the middle to lower mix. When enough water is present in the fuel, aluminum will react better with water to produce aluminum oxide, repair the protective aluminum oxide layer, that's why the corrosion stops. Alcoholates of aluminum/alkoxide do not create a strong oxide layer, which is why corrosion continues. In other words, water is essential to repairing holes in the oxide layer. Based on Japan/Germany results, a minimum of 2 vol.% Or 2.52% m/m of water is currently proposed in the revised hydro ethanol specification for mixing in gasoline at E10 levels. Water injection has an additional positive effect on engine performance (thermodynamic efficiency) and reduces overall CO2 emissions.
Overall, the transition from anhydrous to hydro ethanol to gasoline blends is expected to contribute significantly to the cost competitiveness of ethanol, clean energy balance of fuel cycle, air quality, and greenhouse gas emissions.
Mixing levels above 10% (V/V) are selected both from a technical perspective (safety) and to distinguish products in Europe from unleaded unleaded gas for tax reasons and customer clarity. Small-scale tests have shown many vehicles with this type of modern machine can run smoothly on this hydro ethanol blend. The tank mixed scenario with anhydrous ethanol blend at 5% or 10% level does not induce phase separation. Because avoiding mixing with E0, particularly at very low temperatures, in logistic and machine systems is not recommended, separate specifications for controlled use are presented in the Dutch Technical Agreement NTA 8115. NTA 8115 is written for worldwide applications in trade and fuel blending.
E20, E25
E20 contains 20% ethanol and 80% gasoline, while E25 contains 25% ethanol. This mixture has been widely used in Brazil since the late 1970s. In response to the 1973 oil crisis, the Brazilian government made compulsory mixtures of ethanol fuels with gasoline, fluctuating between 10% and 22% from 1976 to 1992. Since this mixture is mandatory for minimum gasoline, pure gasoline (E0) is no longer sold in Brazil. A federal law passed in October 1993 establishes a mandatory mix of 22% ethanol anhydrate (E22) across the country. The law also authorizes the Executive to assign different percentages of ethanol within the prescribed limits, and since 2003, these limits are set at a maximum of 25% (E25) and a minimum of 20% (E20) by volume. Since then, the government has established a percentage on ethanol blends in accordance with cane yields and ethanol production from sugar cane, resulting in a mixture of variations even within the same year.
Since July 1, 2007, the mixture must be set at 25% of anhydrous ethanol (E25) by executive decree, and this has been the standard gasoline mixture sold throughout Brazil most of the time in 2011. However, as a result of supply shortages and fuel prices high ethanol produced, in 2010, the government mandated a temporary 90-day mixed reduction from E25 to E20 starting February 1, 2010. As prices rise suddenly again due to a supply shortage that occurs again between 2010 and the 2011 harvest season, some ethanol should imported from the United States, and in April 2011, the government reduced the mandatory minimum mix by 18%, leaving the mandatory mixed range between E18 and E25.
All Brazilian automobile manufacturers have adapted their gasoline engines to run smoothly with these mixtures, so that all petrol vehicles are built to run with a mixture of E20 to E25, which is defined by local law as "C-type common gas". Some vehicles may work well with lower ethanol concentrations, but with some exceptions, they can not run smoothly with pure gasoline, which causes the tap of the engine, since vehicles traveling to adjacent South American countries have indicated. Flexible fuel vehicles, which can run on all types of E20-E25 gasoline to 100% ethanol hydro ether (E100 or hydrated ethanol), were first available in mid 2003. In July 2008, 86% of all new light vehicles sold in Brazil is flexible fuel, and only two automakers build models with flexible fuel engines optimized to operate with pure gasoline (E0): Renault with Clio, Symbol, Logan, Sandero and MÃÆ' Â © gane, and Fiat with Tetrafuel models Siena.
Thailand introduced the E20 in 2008, but the lack of supply of ethanol in mid 2008 caused a delay in expanding the network of E20 refueling stations in the country. In mid-2010, 161 refueling stations sold E20, and sales have increased 80% since April 2009. Rapid growth in E20 demand is because most vehicle models launched since 2009 are compatible with E20, and E20 sales are expected to grow faster. once again local producers started producing fuel-efficient, E20-compatible small cars. The Thai government is promoting the use of ethanol through subsidies, because the cost of ethanol is four baht more than gasoline.
A state law approved in Minnesota in 2005 mandated that ethanol comprise 20% of all gasoline sold in this state of America beginning in 2013. Successful tests have been made to determine performance under the E20 by current vehicles and equipment fuel delivery designed for E10. However, this mandate was later postponed until 2015, and never applies because the federal EPA has not authorized the use of E20 as a gasoline substitute.
A study commissioned by BP and published in September 2013 concludes that the use of advanced biofuels in the UK, and particularly E20 cellulose ethanol, is a more cost-effective way to reduce emissions than to use plug-in (PEVs) power vehicles over time 2030. The study also found that the use of a higher biofuel blend is a complement of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and plug-in hybrids (PHEVs). Electric vehicle batteries (BEVs) can provide powerful CO 2 savings with electricity networks that do not contain carbon, but are expected to have a much higher cost than internal combustion engines and hybrid cars by 2030, because the latter is expected to be the most popular model by 2030. According to the study, by 2030 the E20 mixture in HEV can achieve a 10% emissions savings compared with HEV running on E5, for an annual fuel cost premium of GBÃ, Â £ 13 compared to annual cost GBÃ, Â £ 195 for all-electric cars.
E70, E75
E70 contains 70% ethanol and 30% gasoline, while E75 contains 75% ethanol. This winter mix is ​​used in the United States and Sweden for the E85 flexible fuel vehicles during cold weather, but is still sold in pumps labeled as E85. Seasonal reduction of ethanol content to the E85 winter mixture is mandated to avoid cold initial problems at low temperatures.
In the US, the seasonal reduction of ethanol to E70 only applies in cold regions, where temperatures fall below 32 ° F (0 ° C) during winter. In Wyoming for example, E70 is sold as E85 from October to May. In Sweden, all E85 flexible-fuel vehicles use an E75 winter mix. This mix was introduced since the winter of 2006-07 and the E75 was used from November to March.
For temperatures below -15Ã, Â ° C (5Ã, Â ° F), all E85 flexible vehicles require heating engine blocks to avoid cold start problems. The use of this device is also recommended for gasoline vehicles when the temperature drops below -23Ã, Â ° C (-9Ã, Â ° F). Another option when extreme cold weather is expected is to add more pure gasoline in the tank, thereby reducing the ethanol content under the winter mix of E70, or simply not using E85 during an extreme low temperature spell.
E85
E85, 85% ethanol blend and 15% gasoline, are generally the highest ethanol blends found in the United States and some European countries, especially in Sweden, since this mixture is the standard fuel for flexible fuel vehicles. This mixture has an octane rating of 94-97, which is much lower than pure ethanol, but still higher than normal gasoline (87-93 octane, depending on the country).
The 85% limit in ethanol content is set to reduce ethanol emissions at low temperatures and to avoid cold initial problems during cold weather, at temperatures lower than 11 Â ° C (52 Â ° F). Further decreases in the ethanol content are used during winter in areas where temperatures fall below 0 Â ° C (32 Â ° F) and this mixture is called Winter E85, since the fuel is still sold under the E85 label. The E70 winter blend is mandated in several regions of the US, while Sweden mandates the E75. Some areas in the United States now allow E51 (51% ethanol, 49% gasoline) to be sold as E85 in the winter months.
As of October 2010, nearly 3,000 E85 fuel pumps exist in Europe, led by Sweden with 1,699 gas stations. The United States has 3,354 E85 general fuel pumps located in 2,154 cities in August 2014, mostly concentrated in the Midwest.
Thailand introduced E85 fuel by the end of 2008, and by mid-2010, only four E85 refueling stations were available, with plans to expand to 15 stations by 2012.
The big restriction that hinders E85 flexible vehicle sales or refueling with E85, is the limited infrastructure available to sell the E85 to the public, since in 2014 only 2 percent of the E85 motor fuel station offered, up from about 1 percent in 2011 In November 2015, there were only 3,218 petrol stations selling E85 to the public throughout the US, while about 156,000 retail motor fuel outlets did not offer E85 blends. The number of E85 grew from 1,229 in 2007 to 2,442 in 2011, but only increased by 7% from 2011 to 2013, when the total reached 2,625. There is a large concentration of E85 stations in the Corn Belt countries, and by November 2015, the leading states were Minnesota with 274 stations, followed by Michigan with 231, Illinois with 225, Iowa with 204, Indiana with 188, Texas with 181, Wisconsin with 152, and Ohio with 126. Only eight countries do not have E85 available to the public, Alaska, Delaware, Hawaii, Montana, Maine, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont. The main obstacle to a faster expansion of E85 availability is that it requires a special storage tank at the pump, at an estimated cost of US $ 60,000 for each special ethanol tank. A study conducted by the US Department of Energy concluded that every workshop in America could be converted to handle E85 at a cost of $ 3.4 billion to $ 10.1 billion.
ED95
ED95 designates a 95% ethanol blend and 5% ignition ignition; used in a modified diesel engine where high compression is used to power the fuel, as opposed to the operation of a gasoline engine, where spark plugs are used. This fuel was developed by Swedish ethanol producer SEKAB. Due to the high ignition temperature of pure ethanol, the addition of ignition is required for successful diesel engine operation. Diesel engines that use ethanol also have higher compression ratios and customized fuel systems.
This fuel has been used successfully in many Swedish Scania buses since 1985, which has produced about 700 ethanol buses, more than 600 of them to Swedish cities, and has recently also delivered an ethanol bus for commercial services in the UK , Spanish, Italian. , Belgium, and Norway. In June 2010 Stockholm has the largest ED95 ethanol bus fleet in the world.
In 2010, the Swedish ED95 engine is in its third generation and already meets Euro 5 emission standards, without any kind of post exhaust treatment. The ethanol-powered engine is also certified as an environmentally-enhanced vehicle (EEV) in the city of Stockholm. The EEV rules still do not have dates to apply in Europe and are stricter than the Euro 5 standard.
Nottingham became the first city in the United Kingdom to operate a regular bus service with an ethanol fuel vehicle. Three single-deck ED95 buses entered regular service in the city in March 2008. Shortly after, Reading also introduced the ED95 double deck bus.
Under the auspices of the BioEthanol project for Sustainable Transport, more than 138 ED95 bioethanol buses were part of pilot trials in four cities, three in Europe and one in Brazil between 2006 and 2009. A total of 127 ED95 buses operated in Stockholm, five buses operates in Madrid, three in La Spezia, and one in Brazil. In Brazil, the first Scania ED95 bus with a modified diesel engine was introduced as an experiment in the city of SÃÆ' Â £ o Paulo in December 2007, and since November 2009, two ED95 buses are in regular service. The Brazilian experiment project lasts for three years and performance and emissions are monitored by the National Reference Center on Biomass (CENBIO-Portuguese: Centro Nacional de ReferÃÆ'ªncia em Biomass ) at Universidade de SÃÆ'Â £ Paulo.
In November 2010, the city government of SÃÆ' £ O Paulo signed an agreement with UNICA, Cosan, Scania and ViaÃÆ'§ÃÆ' £ o Metropolitana , the local bus operator, to introduce a 50 etanol-powered ED95 bus fleet on May 2011. Scania manufactures bus and chassis machines at its plant located at SÃÆ' £ o Bernardo do Campo, SÃÆ'  £ o Paulo, using the same technology and fuel as the ED95 bus already operating in Stockholm. The bus body is Brazilian CAIO. The first ethanol-powered bus was delivered in May 2011, and 50 buses will start regular service in June 2011 in the southern region of SÃÆ'â € "Paulo. 50 ED95 buses have a cost of R $ 20 million ( US $ 12.3 million ) and due to higher costs of ED95 fuel and lower ethanol energy content compared to diesel , one of the companies participating in the cooperation agreement, RaÃÆ'sen (a joint venture between Royal Dutch Shell and Cosan), supplies fuel to the municipality at 70% of the ordinary diesel market price.
E100
E100 is a pure ethanol fuel. The straight ethanol hydrate as an automotive fuel has been widely used in Brazil since the late 1970s for neat and recent ethanol vehicles for flexible fuel vehicles. The ethanol fuel used in Brazil is distilled close to the azeotropic mixture of 95.63% ethanol and 4.37% water (weight) which is approximately 3.5% water by volume. Azeotropes are the highest concentrations of ethanol that can be achieved by simple fractional distillation. The maximum water concentration according to ANP specification is 4.9 vol.% (Approx 6.1% by weight) Nomenclature E is not adopted in Brazil, but hydrated ethanol can be marked as E100, which means no gasoline, because the water content is not an additive, residue from the distillation process. However, straight hydro ethanol is also called E95 by several authors.
The first commercial vehicle capable of running on pure ethanol was the Ford Model T, which was manufactured from 1908 to 1927. It was equipped with an adjustable flowing carburetor, enabling the use of gasoline or ethanol, or a combination of both. At that time, other car manufacturers also provided engines for the use of ethanol fuel. After that, and in response to the 1973 and 1979 energy crises, the first modern vehicle capable of running with pure hydro ethanol (E100) was launched in the Brazilian market, Fiat 147, after testing with several prototypes developed by the Brazilian subsidiary of Fiat, Volkswagen, General Motors, and Ford. As of September 2012, there are 1.1 million neat ethanol vehicles still in use in Brazil. Since 2003, newer Brazilian fuel-flexible vehicles are capable of running on pure hydro ethanol (E100) or mixed with a combination of E20 to E27.5 gasoline (a mixture made with anhydrous ethanol), a compulsory mixture nationwide. As of September 2012, there are 17.1 million flexible fuel vehicles operating on the streets of Brazil.
The E100 imposes restrictions on normal vehicle operations, since the lower ethanol evaporative pressure (compared to gasoline) causes problems when cold starts the engine at temperatures below 15 ° C (59 ° F). For this reason, both pure ethanol vehicles and fuel-flexible E100 are built with an additional small gasoline reservoir inside the engine compartment to assist in starting the engine when cool by initially injecting gasoline. Once started, the machine then switches back to ethanol. Increased generation of flex-fuel engines was developed to eliminate the need for secondary gas tanks by heating ethanol fuel during the initial, and allowing them to start at temperatures as low as -5 Â ° C (23 Â ° F), the lowest expected temperature anywhere in region of Brazil. Polo E-Flex, launched in March 2009, is the first flex-fuel model with no additional tank for cold start. The heating system, called Flex Start, was developed by Robert Bosch GmbH.
The Swedish carmaker has developed an ethanol-enabled engine only for the new Saab Aero X BioPower 100 E100 Concept, with a V6 engine fueled entirely by E100 bioethanol, and a limited edition Koenigsegg CCXR, a version of CCX converted to use E85 or E100, as well as 98- standard octane, and currently the fastest and strongest fuel-flexible vehicle with its twin-supercharged V8 generates 1,018 hp while running in biofuels, compared to 806 hp at 91-octane unleaded gasoline.
Fuel efficiency higher than E100 (compared to methanol) in high-performance racing cars resulted in the Indianapolis 500 race in 2007 and 2008 running on 100% fuel ethanol levels.
Use restrictions
Modify to machine
The use of ethanol blends in conventional gasoline vehicles is limited to low mixtures, because ethanol is corrosive and can decrease some of the materials in the engine and fuel system. Also, the engine must be adjusted for a higher compression ratio compared to a pure gasoline engine to take advantage of higher ethanol oxygen content, thereby enabling improved fuel efficiency and exhaust emissions reductions. The following table shows the necessary modifications to the gasoline engine to run smoothly and without demeaning any material. This information is based on modifications made by the Brazilian automotive industry at the start of the country's ethanol program in the late 1970s, and reflects the experience of Volkswagen do Brasil.
Other losses
Disadvantages of ethanol fuel combine when used in specially designed engines for gasoline including lower fuel mileage, metal corrosion, deterioration of rubber and plastic fuel system components, clogged fuel systems, fuel injectors, and carburetors, material tank delamination composite combustion, varnish buildup on engine parts, damaged or destroyed internal engine components, water absorption, fuel phase separation, and shortening fuel storage life. Many automotive, marine, motorcycle, lawnmakers, generators and other internal combustion engine manufacturers have issued warnings and precautions about the use of ethanol blend gasoline of any type in their engines, and the Federal Aviation Administration and major aviation machine manufacturers have banned the use of Automotive gasoline is blended with ethanol in light aircraft due to safety concerns of fuel systems and engine damage.
See also
- Butanol fuel
- Ethanol fuel
- The ethanol fuel energy balance
- Ethanol fuel in Brazil
- Biofuels in Sweden
- Ethanol fuel in the United States
- Food vs. fuel
- Indirect land use change from biofuel
- List of flexible fuel vehicles by car manufacturers
Note
References
External links
- Bioenergywiki: Target renewable fuel in bioenergywiki. See here a complete list of compulsory blends that will apply in some countries and territories in 2010 and beyond
- NACS 2011 Annual Fuel Report
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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