Brown is a composite color. In CMYK color models used in printing or painting, chocolate is made by combining red, black, and yellow, or red, yellow, and blue. In the RGB color model used to project color to television screens and computer monitors, chocolate is made by combining red and green, in certain proportions. Brown color is widely seen in nature, in wood, soil, color of human hair, eye color and skin pigmentation. Chocolate is the color of dark wood or rich soil. According to public opinion surveys in Europe and the United States, chocolate is the most unpopular color of the public; the color is most often associated with innocence, roughness and poverty.
Video Brown
Di alam dan budaya
Maps Brown
Etimologi
The term is derived from Old English brÃÆ'ºn , which comes from dark or dark colors. The first recorded use of chocolate as the color name in English is 1000. The ordinary Germanic adjective * brÃÆ' Â »noz, * brÃÆ'» nÃÆ' Â ¢ means a dark and shimmering color or shining quality, where polish . The current meaning was developed in Central England from the 14th century.
The words for the color of chocolate around the world often come from food or drink; in the eastern Mediterranean, the word chocolate often comes from the color of coffee; In Turkish, the word for chocolate is kahve rengi ; in Greek, kafÃÆ' Â © , in Macedonian, kafeyev . In Southeast Asia, color names often come from chocolate: chocolate in Malay; tsokolate in the Philippines. In Japan, the word chairo means the color of tea.
History and art
Ancient history
Brown has been used in art since prehistoric times. Paintings using many, natural clay pigments consisting of iron oxide and manganese oxide, have been dated to 40,000 BC. Painting brown horses and other animals have been found on the walls of the Lascaux cave that was about 17,300 years old. The female figure in an ancient Egyptian tomb painting has brown skin, painted with an awful lot. Light tan is often used on amphorae and painted Greek vases, either as a background for black figures, or vice versa.
The Ancient Greeks and Romans produced a fine reddish brown ink, of a color called sepia, made of various squid inks. This ink is used by Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael and other artists during the Renaissance, and by artists to date.
In Ancient Rome, brown clothing was associated with lower classes or barbarians. The term for the plebeians, or the urban poor, is a "pullati", which literally means "those in brown clothing."
Post-classical history
In the Middle Ages brown robes were worn by Franciscan friars, as a sign of their humility and poverty. Each social class is expected to wear a color corresponding to their station; and gray and brown are the colors of the poor. Russet is a woolen fabric made of wool and dyed with woad and angry to give a soft gray or brown color. By law 1363, poor British people must wear russets. The medieval poetry of Piers Plowman describes godly Christians:
And it's a goune of a graye russet On a Tarse tunic or a purple red color.
In the Middle Ages dark brown pigments were rarely used in art; artists painters and book illuminators of that era prefer bright colors and different like red, blue and green, not dark colors. Umbers were not widely used in Europe before the end of the fifteenth century; Renaissance painter and writer Giorgio Vasari (1511-1574) described them as somewhat new in his day.
The artists started using much more brown colors when oil paintings arrived at the end of the 15th century. During the Renaissance, artists generally used four different chocolates; the number of raw, dark brown clays mined from the earth around Umbria, in Italy; raw sienna, reddish brown ground mined near Siena, in Tuscany; burn a lot, Umbrian clay is heated to darker color change, and burned sienna, heated until it turns into dark reddish brown. In Northern Europe, Jan van Eyck features rich brown soil in his portrait to produce a brighter color.
Modern history
the 17th and 18th centuries
The 17th and 18th centuries saw the greatest use of chocolate. Caravaggio and Rembrandt Van Rijn use chocolate to create a chiaroscuro effect, in which the subject emerges from the darkness. Rembrandt also added many layers of painting soil because it promotes faster drying. Rembrandt also started using a new chocolate pigment, called Cassel earth or Cologne earth. It is a natural earth color consisting of more than ninety percent of organic matter, such as soil and peat. It was used by Rubens and Anthony van Dyck, and later became known as Van Dyck brown.
the 19th and 20th centuries
Brown is generally hated by French impressionists, who prefer bright and pure colors. Exceptions among French artists of the 19th century were Paul Gauguin, who created luminous portraits of chocolate from people and views of French Polynesia.
At the end of the 20th century, chocolate became a common symbol in western culture because it was simple, cheap, natural and healthy. The lunch bag was brought in a plain brown paper bag; package wrapped in plain brown paper. Brown bread and brown sugar are considered more natural and healthy than white bread and white sugar.
Chocolate in science and nature
Optics
Brown is a composite color, made by combining red, yellow and black. It can be thought of as dark orange, but it can also be made in other ways. In the RGB color model, which uses red, green and blue light in various combinations to create all the colors on computer and television screens, it is made by mixing red and green light.
In terms of visible spectrum, "brown" refers to the high wavelength (low frequency) color, yellow, orange, or red, in combination with low illumination or saturation. Because chocolate can cover a variety of visible spectra, composite adjectives are used such as red chocolate, yellowish brown, dark brown or light brown.
As a low-intensity color, chocolate is a tertiary color: a mixture of three primary subtractive colors is brown if the cyan content is low. Brown exists as a color perception only in the presence of a brighter color contrast. Yellow, orange, red or rose objects are still considered as such if the general illumination level is low, although it reflects the same amount of red or orange light as the brown object will be in normal lighting conditions.
Chocolate, dye and ink pigments
- Many and many of the burns are two of the oldest pigments used by humans. The umber is a brown clay, containing large amounts of iron oxide and between five and twenty percent of the manganese oxide, which gives color. The shadows vary from greenish brown to dark brown. It takes its name from the Italian region of Umbria, where it was previously mined. The main source today is the island of Cyprus. The amount of burning is the same pigment that has been baked (calcined), which changes the darker pigment and more reddish.
- Raw Sienna and burnt sienna are also iron-rich clay pigments, mined during the Renaissance around the city of Siena in Tuscany. Sienna contains less than five percent of manganese. Earth sienna nature is a dark yellow ocher color; when baked it becomes a rich reddish brown called sienna on fire.
- Mummy brown is a pigment used in oil paints made from Egyptian mummies.
- Van Dyck brown , known in Europe as the earth of Cologne or Cassel Earth, is another natural earth pigment, composed largely of decaying plant matter. It makes dark chocolate rich, and was widely used during the Renaissance until the 19th century. It takes the name of the painter Anthony van Dyck, but it was used by many other artists before him. It is very unstable and unreliable, so its use was abandoned in the 20th century, although this name continues to be used for modern synthetic pigments. Van Dyck brown color can be re-created by mixing ivory black with Venetian or purple, or mixing cadmium red with cobalt blue.
- Brown Mars . Earth color names are still used, but very few modern pigments with these names actually contain natural earth; most of their materials today are synthetic. Mars Chocolate is a characteristic of these new colors, made with synthetic iron oxide pigments. The new colors have superior coloring stability and opacity, but not a subtle hue as their namesake.
- Walnuts have been used to make brown dyes since time immemorial. The Roman writer Ovid, in the first century BC described how Gallians used gastric juice or skin inside a walnut shell to make chocolate dyes for wool, or a reddish dye for their hair.
- The Chestnut tree has also been used since ancient times as a source of brown dyes. The bark of a tree, leaf and peanut shell have all been used to make a dye. The leaves are used to make beige dyes or yellowish brown, and in the yellow brownish Ottoman Empire of chestnut leaves combined with indigo blue to make the shades green.
Brown eyes
In humans, brown eyes result from relatively high melanin concentrations in iris stroma, which cause shorter and longer wavelength light to be absorbed and in many parts of the world, almost the only iris color present. The dark brown eye pigment is the most common in East Asia, Southeast Asia, South Asia, West Asia, Oceania, Africa, America, etc. As well as parts of Eastern Europe and Southern Europe. The majority of people in the world as a whole have dark brown eyes. Light brown eyes or medium-pigmented are common in Europe, Afghanistan, Pakistan and Northern India, as well as parts of the Middle East. (See eye color).
Brown hair
Chocolate is the second most common color of human hair, after black. This is due to the higher levels of natural dark pigment eumelanin, and lower levels of pheomelanin pale pigment. Brown eumelanin is more common among Europeans, while black eumelanin is more commonly found in non-European hair. Small amounts of black eumelanin, without other pigments, produce gray hair. A small amount of brown eumelanin without other pigments produces blond hair.
In popular Western culture, the common stereotype is that brown hair is stable, serious, intelligent and sophisticated. A British study on hair color and attraction intensity found that 62 percent of men participating in the study associate brown-haired women with stability and competence. Brunettes is described as independent and independent by 67 percent of men, and as smart by 81 percent.
Chocolate skin
The majority of people in the world have brown skin, from very light brown honey or golden brown, to copper or bronze colors, to dark brown coffee or brown colors. Skin color and race are not the same; many people who are classified as "white" or "black" actually have brown skin. Brown bark is caused by melanin, a natural pigment produced inside the skin in cells called melanocytes. Skin pigmentation in humans evolved to mainly regulate the amount of ultraviolet radiation penetrating the skin, controlling the biochemical effects.
Natural skin tones can darken as a result of tanning due to sun exposure. The main theory is that skin tones adapt to intense sunlight to provide partial protection against the resulting ultraviolet fraction and thus mutations in the DNA of skin cells. There is a correlation between the geographical distribution of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) and the distribution of genuine leather pigmentation worldwide. Dark-skinned populations are found in areas with the ultraviolet at most, closer to the equator, while lighter-skinned populations live closer to the poles, with less UVR, although immigration has altered these patterns.
While white and black are commonly used to describe racial groups, chocolate is rarely used, as it crosses all racial lines. In Brazil, the Portuguese word
, which can mean different shades of chocolate, is used to refer multiracists. The Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) asks people to identify themselves as branched (white),
(brown), negro (black) ), or amarelo (yellow). In 2008 43.8 percent of the population identified themselves as pardo. (See Human skin color)
Land
The thin top layer of the Earth's crust on land is largely composed of soils colored with different brown colors. The good soil consists of about forty-five percent of the mineral, twenty-five percent water, twenty-five percent air, and five percent organic matter, life and death. Half the color of the soil comes from the minerals it contains; soil containing iron turns yellowish or red when the iron oxidizes. Manganese, nitrogen and sulfur turn brownish or blackish because it decays naturally. The rich and fertile soil tends to be darker in color; the deeper brown color of the fertile soil comes from the decomposition of organic matter. Dead leaves and roots become black or brown when they rot. Poorer soils are usually pale brown, and contain less water or organic material.
- Mollisols are a type of soil found beneath the grasslands of the Great Plains of America, Pampas in Argentina and the Russian Stepa. The soil has a depth of 60-80 cm and is rich in nutrients and organic matter.
- Loess is a kind of pale yellow soil or lover, which comes from a blast in the wind. It is very fertile, but easily eroded by wind or water.
- Peat is the accumulation of some rotting vegetation, whose decomposition is slowed by water. Despite the dark brown color, it is infertile, but useful as fuel.
Mammals and birds
A large number of predatory mammals and birds have a brown color. This sometimes changes seasonally, and sometimes remains the same throughout the year. This color may be related to camouflage, as some environmental backgrounds, such as forest floors, are often brown, and especially in spring and summer when animals such as snow bunny rabbits get chocolate fur.
- Brown mice or Norwegian mice ( Rattus norvegicus ) are one of the most recognizable and most common rats.
- The brown bear ( Ursus arctos ) is a large bear spread across much of northern Eurasia and North America.
- The mink ( Mustela erminea ) has a brown back in the summer, or year-round in the south of its range.
Biology
- Solid waste released by humans and many other animals is brown due to bilirubin, a by-product of the destruction of red blood cells.
Chocolate in culture
Surveys in Europe and the United States show that chocolate is the most unpopular color among respondents. It is the favorite color of only one percent of respondents, ranked under white and pink, and the least favorite color of twenty percent people, even less popular than pink, gray and purple.
Brown uniform
Brown has been a popular color for military uniforms since the late 18th century, mainly due to its wide availability and low visibility. When the Continental Army was founded in 1775 at the outbreak of the American Revolution, the first Continental Congress declared that the official uniform color would be brown, but this was unpopular among many militia, whose officers were already wearing blue. In 1778, Congress asked George Washington to design a new uniform, and in 1779 Washington made the official color of the blue uniform and the lover.
In 1846 the Indian Army of the Guided Corps in England India began wearing a yellowish brown color, which came to be known as khaki of the Urdu word for dust-color, taken from the previous Persian word for the soil. The color made an excellent natural camouflage, and was adopted by the British Army for their Abyssian Campaign in 1867-1868, and later in the Boer War. It was adopted by the United States Army during the Spanish-American War (1896), and later by the United States Navy and the United States Marine Corps.
In the 1920s, chocolate became the uniform color of the Nazi Party in Germany. The Nazi paramilitary organization, Sturmabteilung (SA) wore a brown uniform and was known as a brown uniform. The brown color was used to represent the Nazi voice on the electoral district map of Germany. If someone chooses a Nazi, they are said to "choose chocolate". The Nazi party's national headquarters, in Munich, is called Chocolate House . The seizure of Nazi rule in 1933 was called Brown Revolution . In the house of Adolf Hitler, Obersalzberg, Berghof, he sleeps in "a bed that is usually covered by a brown embroidered blanket with a large swastika.Swastika also appears in Hitler silk satin pajamas, black embroidered with a red background in his pocket.He has a brown silk robe harmonious. "Brown was originally chosen as Party color largely for convenience; A large number of war-brown uniforms from former German colonial troops in Africa were available cheaply in the 1920s. It also matches the working class and military image the Party wishes to convey. During the 1930s, Party chocolate uniforms were mass produced by the German clothing company owned by Hugo Boss (1885-1948). Boss became a member of the Nazi Party in 1931, and was a licensed supplier to SA, SS, and Hitler Youth. After World War II he was stripped of his right to vote and his presidency at the company, but the company continued to do business and kept carrying its name.
Business
Brown color is said to represent roughness when used in advertising. Pullman Brown is the color of United Parcel Service (UPS) shipping company with their trademark brown trucks and uniforms; it was earlier the color of the Pullman train car from the Pullman Company, and was adopted by UPS because chocolate was easy to clean, and because of its lucrative association of the luxury posed by chocolate. UPS has filed two trademarks on brown to prevent other shipping companies (and possibly other companies in general) use color if it creates "market confusion". In his ad, UPS calls himself "Brown" ("What can Brown do for you?").
Idioms and expressions
Sports
See also
References
Notes and citations
External links
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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