The Arapaho ( ; in French: Arapahos, Gens de Vache ) is a native American tribe that historically lived on the plains of Colorado and Wyoming. They are a close ally of the Cheyenne tribe and are very much aligned with Lakota and Dakota. The Arapaho language, Heenetiit , is an Algonquian language closely related to Gros Ventre (Ahe/A'ananin), whose people are thought to have been separated from Arapaho at an early time. Blackfeet and Cheyenne also speak Algonquian, but their language is very different from Arapaho.
In the 1850s, Arapaho bands formed two tribes: Arapaho Utara and Arapaho Selatan. Since 1878, Northern Arapaho has lived with Eastern Shoshone on the Wind River Reservation in Wyoming and is recognized as a federal Arapahoe Tribe of the Wind River Reservation. The Southern Arapaho lives with Southern Cheyenne in Oklahoma. Together, their members are registered as the federally recognized Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes.
Video Arapaho
Name
It is uncertain where the word 'Arapahoe' comes from. The Europeans may have come from the Pawnee word for "merchant", temperatures , or it may be a corruption of Crow's word for "tattoo".
The Arapahoe autonym is Hinono'eino or Inun-ina our own kind "). They call their tribe as Hinono'eiteen (Arapahoe people).
Cheyenne calls them Hitanwo'iv or
Hetanevoeo/Hetanevo'eo'o ("Sky People" or "Cloud Person"); Dakota as Mahpîyato ("Blue Cloud Men"), and Lakota and Assiniboine call them as Ma? pÃÆ'ya tho ? ("Blue Sky People").
The Caddo ( Toniibeenenno ' or Toniibeeneseino' - "pierced nostril") called them Detseka'yaa , Wichita ( Hinosouno ' ) Nia'rhari's-kÃÆ'Â »rikiwa'ahû ski , and Comanche Saria T? hka/Sätrika (Sata Teichas) , all names that indicate "dog eater". The Pawnee, Ute and other tribes also call them by name marking "dog eater".
The Northern Arapahoe, calling themselves Nank'haanseine'nan or Nookhose'iinenno ("white sage"), known as Baantcline'nan or Bo'oociinenno ' ("red willow man") to South Arapahoe, while the latter are summoned by their northern kinship Nawathi'neha or Noowunenno ' ("South Persons"). North Arapaho is also known as BSakuune'na '(Bee'eekuunnenno') ("male soup of blood").
Cheyenne adapts the term Arapahoe and refers to North Arapahoe as Vannas or Maps Arapaho
The division and the historic band Arapaho and bands
Arapaho recognized five main divisions among their people, each speaking in different dialects and apparently representing many different indigenous tribes. Through much of Arapaho's history, each tribe maintains a separate ethnic identity, though they sometimes come together and act as political allies.
Each speaks a mutually understandable dialect, which is different from the proper Arapaho. Dialectically, Haa'ninin, Beesowuunenno ', and Hinono'eino are closely related. The elder Arapaho claims that the HÃÆ'¡nahawuuena dialect is the most difficult to understand all dialects.
In his classic ethnographic study, Alfred Kroeber identifies these five states from south to north:
- Nanwacinaha'ana , Nawathi'neha ("Towards the South People") or Nanwuine'nan/Noowo3iineheeno ' (" South People "). Their extinct language dialect - Nawathinehena - is the most distinct of the other Arapaho tribes.
- HÃÆ'¡nahawuuena , Hananaxawuune'nan or AanÃÆ' Â »'nhawa (" Stone Man "or" Stone Guy "), which occupied the area adjacent to, but further north of Nanwacinaha'ana, speaking the now extinct Ha'anahawunena dialect.
- Hinono'eino or Hinanae'inan ("Arapaho deserved") speaks Arapaho (Heenetiit).
- Beesowuunenno ', Baasanwuune'nan or BÃÆ'¤sawunena ("Big Lodge People" or "Brush-Hut/Shelter People") stay further north of Hinono'eino. War parties they use temporary shelters that resemble dome-shaped shapes or Sweat lodges of Algonquian Great Lake residents. They are said to have migrated from their previous territory near the Lake recently than other Arapaho tribes. (Note: many people say their name means "Great Lakes People" or "Big Water People".) They talk about the now extinct Japanese language ( Beesoowuuyeitiit - the "Big Lodge/Great Lakes" dialect).
- Haa'ninin , A'aninin or A'ani ("White Cloth People" or "Chalk People"), most northern tribal groups; they retain a distinct ethnicity and are known to France as historic Gros Ventre . At Blackfoot they are called Atsina ( AtsÃÆ'ÃÆ'na - "like Cree", ie "enemy", or Piik-siik-sia - " ", ie" enemy "). After they parted, other Arapaho people, who considered them inferior, called them HitÃÆ'ºn? Na or Hittiuenina ("Begging Men", "Beggars", or more "Spongers"). They speak with the almost extinct Gros Ventre (Ananin, Ahahnelin) language dialect (called by Arapaho Hitouuyeitiit - "Men's Men Begging"), there is evidence that the southern Haa'ininin tribe, Staetan band , along with bands from the next political division of North Arapaho, speaking the Besawunena dialect.
Prior to their historic geo-political ethnogensis, each tribe had its chief chief. The exact date of ethnic or fusion fusion of each social division is unknown. The elders say that Hinono'eino ("Arapaho is appropriate") and Beesowuunenno ' ("Big Lodge People" or "Brush-Hut/Shelter People ") fought for tribal symbols - holy pipes and spears. Both sacred objects are traditionally kept by Beesowuunenno ' . Different tribal nations live together and Beesowuunenno ' has been spreading for at least 150 years among the previously different Arapaho tribes.
At the end of the 18th century, four divisions to the south of Haa'ninin ("White Clothes" or "Chalk People") or Gros Ventre (Atsina) were consolidated into Arapaho. Only Arapaho and Gros Ventre (Atsina) are identified as separate ethnic groups.
While staying at Great Plains, Hinono'eino (all the Arapaho band in the south of Haa'ninin ) divide history into two geo-political social divisions: Northern Arapaho or Nank'haanseine'nan ("Sagebrush People"), Nookhose'iinenno White Sage "); called by Southern Arapaho Bo'ooceinenno ' or Baachinena willow man "); Kiowa knows them as TÃÆ'¤gyÃÆ'¤ko ("Sagebrush People"), the correct name translation. They hold sacred tribal articles, and are regarded as tribal or mothers of Arapaho, shown in Indian Sign Language ( Bee3sohoet ) by the mark for "mothers". They absorb the history of HÃÆ'¡nahawuuena and Beesowuunenno ' . An estimated 50 people from the Beesowuunenno lineage include among North Arapaho, and perhaps some with two other major divisions. Southern Arapaho , NÃÆ'¡wunena or Noowunenno ' ("South Persons"), called by Arapaho North Nawathi'neha ("South Persons"); Kiowa knows them as ÃÆ'â € žhayÃÆ'¤dal , the name (plural) for wild pre. The sign for South Arapaho is made by rubbing the index finger to the side of the nose. They absorbed the history of Nanwuine'nan/Noowo3iineheeno ("South Persons") and some Beesowuunenno ' .
Histories
Initial history
About 3,000 years ago, the ancestral Arapaho-speaking people lived in the Great Lakes region west along the Red River Valley in what is classified as a present - Manitoba Day, Canada and Minnesota, USA. There Arapaho are farmers who grow crops, including maize. After European colonization in eastern Canada, along with the early Cheyenne people ( Hitesiino '), Arapaho was pushed westwards to the Great Plains east by Ojibwe. They are numerous and strong, having acquired the weapons from their French trade allies.
The Arapaho ancestors entered the Great Plains of the Great Lakes western region around before 1700. During their early history on the plains, Arapaho lived on the northern plains of the South Saskatchewan River in southern Canada to Montana, Wyoming, and west of South Dakota. Before Arapaho bought horses, they used domestic dogs as animal carriers to attract their travois. Arapaho bought horses in the early 1700s from other tribes, which changed their way of life. They became nomadic, using horses as packers and riding animals. They can carry larger loads, and travel more easily on horseback to hunt more easily and wider, increasing their success in hunting in the Lowlands.
Gradually, Arapaho moves further south, split into neighboring North and South Arapaho, and establishes a vast territory that includes lands in southern Montana, mostly Wyoming, Nebraska Panhandle, central and eastern Colorado, western Oklahoma and Kansas west of the extreme.. A large group of Arapaho are separated from the main tribe and become independent people, commonly known as Gros Ventre (as named by France) or Atsina. The name Gros Ventre, which means "Big Bellies" in French, is a misinterpretation of sign language between an Indian guide and a French explorer. Gros Ventre speaks an Algonquian language similar to Arapaho after the division; they are identified as A'aninin meaning? People of the White Clay ?. Arapaho often looked at Gros Ventre as inferior and referred to them as HitÃÆ'ºn? Na or Hitouuteen , which means "beggar".
Expansion on terrain
Once established, Arapaho began to flourish in the plains through trade, warfare, and alliances with other plain tribes. Around 1811, Arapaho made an alliance with Cheyenne ( HÃÆ'tesÃÆ'ÃÆ'no
-? Scar?). Their powerful alliance with Cheyenne allows Arapaho to expand their hunting grounds. In 1826, Lakota, Dakota, Cheyenne, and Arapaho pushed Kiowa ( Niiciiheihiinenno ; Kiowa tribe: Niiciiheihiiteen ) and attacked Comanche to the South. Conflict with Comanche and Kiowa allies ended in 1840 when two major tribes reconciled with Arapaho and Southern Cheyenne and became their allies.
Chief Little Raven was the most famous Arapaho leader; he helped mediate peace amongst the southern tribes of the nomadic tribe and will maintain his reputation as head of peace throughout the Indian War and the reservation period. The Alliance with Comanche and Kiowa made the southernmost Arapaho band strong enough to enter Llano Estacado at the Texas Panhandle. A Southern Arapaho band became so close to Comanche that they were absorbed into the tribe, adopted the Comanche language, and became the Comanche band known as Saria T? Hka (Sata Teichas) or Dog Feeding Band .
Along the upper Missouri River, Arapaho is actively trading with agricultural villages in Arikara, Mandan, and Hidatsa, trading meat and hiding for corn, squash and nuts. Arikara calls Arapaho as "Stone Stone Town (People)", possibly because of the gemstone of the West including among the merchandise. Hidatsa calls them E-tah-leh or Ita-Iddi (? Bison-Path?), Referring to their bison hunting.
Conflict with European-American merchants and explorers was limited at the time. Arapaho freely enters various trading posts and trade fairs to exchange most of the bison and beaver skins for European goods such as firearms. Arapaho often met with fur traders at the foot of the Rocky Mountains, and upstream of the Platte and Arkansas Rivers. They became famous traders on the plains and bordered by the Rocky Mountains. That name? Arapaho? may be derived from the Pawnee word Tirapihu (or Larapihu ), which means "he buys or trades" or "merchants". Arapaho is a leading trading group in the Great Plains region. The term may also be derived from European-American merchants who refer to them by the name Crow (ApsÃÆ'¡alooke alilÃÆ'¡au) they Alappaho ' , meaning "People with many tattoos ". With Arapaho's habit of tattooing a small circle on their body. The name Arapaho became widespread among white traders.
Enemy and culture fighters
Most of the Arapaho community is based around knights. Most young men work to get this rank. After adopting the use of horses, Arapaho quickly became the main horseman and was very skilled at fighting on horses. Soldiers have a greater role than combat in society. They are expected to keep peace among the camps, providing food and wealth for their families, and keeping the camps from attack.
Like other Indian plains, including their Cheyenne allies, Arapaho has a number of different military societies. Each of the eight Arapaho military societies has their own unique initiation ceremonies, pre-and post-war ceremonies and songs, regalia, and combat styles. Unlike their allies Cheyenne, Lakota, and Dakota, Arapaho's military-based military community. Each age level has its own community for prestigious or promising fighters of a suitable age. As the soldiers are aged, they can pass to the next community.
The soldiers often paint their faces and bodies with war paint, as well as their horses, for spiritual empowerment. Each soldier creates a unique design for the war paint that they often use in combat. The feathers of birds, especially the eagle's feathers, are also used in combat as a symbol of prestige and for reasons similar to the paint of war. Before leaving for war, the fighters organized the war party. The war parties consist of individual soldiers and a chosen battle chief. The head title of war must be obtained through a certain amount of boldness in battle known as counting the coup. Coups may include stealing horses when not detected, touching a living enemy, or stealing a weapon from the enemy's grip. Arapaho warriors use various weapons, including war-clubs, spears, knives, tomahawks, bows, rifles, rifles, and pistols. They obtain weapons through trade at trading posts or trade fairs, in addition to robbing soldiers or other tribes.
The following is the default version of the file: chunk, Osage ( Wosoooinen at Wosoosiinen ), Ponca (higher dengan Omaha: Howohoono ' ), Dan Kaw ( Linked ' ) wirayah timur dari. Wilayah is the default version of the file ( Houunenno ' ), Konfederasi Blackfoot ( Woo'teenixteet at < Woo'teenixtee3i' Orang-orang berkulit hitam?), Gros Ventre ( Hitouunenno ' , Gros Ventre: Hitouuteen ), Flathead ( Kookeeei3i ' ), Arikara ( Koonoonii3i ' -? Orang yang rahangnya peak berkeping-keping?), Konfederasi Besi ( Nehiyaw-Pwat) (Assiniboine ( Nihooneihteenootineihino ' - "Yellow-footed Sioux"), Cree/Woods Cree ( Nooku (h) nenno /span> Dataran suku Cree: Nookuho - "orang kelinci"), Saulteaux (Dataran Ojibwa) son of Nakoda (Stoney). If you do not know what to do, please note: ( Sosoni'i ; Suku Shoshone: Sosoni'iiteen ) Ute ( View '(o) dictionary -? memotong tenggorokan?, Category: View '(o) teennehhiiteen ). What is the meaning of the word "the word of the Lord"? ( Coohoh'oukutoo3i ' - "What is the meaning of the word" Apache "? > Coo3o ' - "rehearsed Teebe'eisi3i ' -" rambut mereka dipotong lurus, tergantung lurus ke bawah " Extreme - "pop-up" button to return to Jicarilla Apache) in the case of Pueblo ( Cooh'ookutoo3i ' - "mereka mengikat rambut mereka dab sebuah bundel ").
Cheyenne ( Hitesiino ' ), Sioux ( Nootineihino ' ), Kiowa ( Niiciiheihiinenno ' -? rivers? or Koh'ÃÆ'³wuunÃÆ' Â © nno ' -? creek people?; Kiowa tribe: Niiciiheihiiteen or Koh 'ÃÆ'³wuunteen ), Apache Plains ( 3oxooheinen - "fist"), and Comanche ( Coo3o ' - sg.., Meaning: "enemies", like Apache) are the enemies of Arapaho originally but become their allies. Along with their allies, Arapaho also fought in attacking US troops, miners, and settlers throughout the Arapaho region and their allies.
Sand Creek Massacre
In November 1864, a small village of Cheyenne and Arapaho became victims of the Sand Creek massacre, an attack by Colorado militia, led by Colonel John Chivington. According to a historical narrative at the event entitled "Left Hand Head", by Margaret Coel, the contributing factors that led to the massacre were: Governor Evans's desire to hold a title to a resource-rich Denver-Boulder area; the avoidance of trust of government officials against the Left Hand Head (a talented Arapaho Southern leader in the language), while implementing legal agreements that divert territories far from the Indian Trust; local cavalry stretched thin due to Civil War demands; hijacking their supply by some lost Indian soldiers who have lost respect for their head and followers of the Left Head (including a group of Cheyenne and Arapaho elders, some well behaved fighters, and mostly women and children), who have received a message to report to Fort Lyon with the promise of security and food at Fort, or risk being considered "unfriendly" and ordered to be killed by the cavalry. (The tribes have been deprived of their normal winter land in the Boulder area.)
Arriving at Lyon, Chief Left Hand and his followers were accused of violence by Colonel Chivington. Chief Left Hand and his men get the message that only Indian people reported to Fort Lyon will be considered peaceful and others will be considered hostile and ordered to be killed. Confused, Left Hand Head and his followers turned away and made a safe journey from the Fortress to the tent. A traitor gave Colonel Chivington directions to the camp. He and his battalion stalked and attacked the camp early in the morning. Instead of heroism, Colonel Chivington's efforts were considered to be embarrassing for the Cavalry because he was attacking the elders, women and children who were peaceful. As a result of his war effort, instead of receiving the promotion he intended, he was freed from his task.
Eugene Ridgely, the Cheyenne-Northern Arapaho artist, is credited with revealing the fact that Arapahos was one of the victims of the massacre. Her children, Gail Ridgely, Benjamin Ridgley and, Eugene "Snowball" Ridgely, play an important role in having a massacre site designated as a National Historic Site. In 1999, Benjamin and Gail Ridgley organized a group of Northern Arapaho runners to run from Limon, Colorado, to Ethete, Wyoming, to commemorate their forefathers who were forced to flee for their lives after being attacked and pursued by Colonel Chivington and his battalion.. Their efforts will be recognized and remembered by signs of "Sand Creek Massacre" appearing along the highway from Limon to Casper, Wyoming, and then to Ethete.
Indian Indian War in Southern Plains
Events at Sand Creek sparked outrage among Arapaho and Cheyenne that resulted in three decades of war between them and the United States. Many hostilities took place in Colorado that led to many of the so-called events part of the so-called Colorado War. Battles and hostilities elsewhere on the southern plains such as in Kansas and Texas are often included as part of "Comanche Wars". During the war, Arapaho and Cheyenne allied with Kiowa, Comanche, and Apache Plains will participate in several battles with them. Lakota from the north came to northern Colorado to help Arapaho and Cheyenne there. The Julesburg battle resulted from the forces of some 1,000 Northern Arapaho allies, Cheyenne (mostly from the Warrior Dogs), and the Lakota of the Brulà © and Oglala tribes. The point of the attack was retaliation for events at the Sand River Massacre the previous month. The allied Indians attacked settlers and US Army troops around the Platte River valley south near Julesburg, Colorado. The battle was a decisive victory in India that left 14 soldiers and four civilians dead and probably no casualties in India. Strengths of about 3000 Southern Arapaho, Northern Cheyenne, and Lakota attacked soldiers and civilians on a bridge across the North Platte River resulting in the Battle of Platte Bridge. The battle was another victory for the Indians who resulted in 29 soldiers killed with at least eight Indian casualties. Arapaho, Cheyenne, Comanche, Kiowa and Plains Apaches who sought peace were offered to sign the Treatment Agreement on Drugs in October 1867. The treaty set Southern Arapaho's reservation with Southern Cheyenne between Arkansas and the Cimarron River in the Territory of India (present-day Oklahoma). Among those who signed the treaty were Little Raven's Chief. Those who did not sign the agreement were called "hostile" and kept on being pursued by the US Army and their Indian scouts. The last major battle between Arapaho and the US on the southern plains is the Battle of Summit Springs in northern Colorado. The fight involved the force of some 450 Arapaho, Cheyenne and Lakota soldiers and 244 US troops and about 50 Pawnee guides under Frank North. The most prominent Indian leader in the battle is Tall Bull, a leader of the Warrior Dog Soldier community of Cheyenne. The battle was a US victory that left about 35 dead soldiers (including Tall Bull) and 17 others arrested. The soldiers suffered only one victim. The death of Tall Bull is a huge loss for the Dogs.
Powder River Expedition
After the Sand River Massacre and a number of other battles, North Arapaho, Cheyenne, and Lakota moved their many bands to the remote Powder River state in Wyoming and southern Montana. Along the way they participated in the Battle of Mud Springs, a small incident in Nebraska Panhandle involving forces between 500 and 1,000 Arapaho, Cheyenne, and Lakota warriors and 230 US troops. The fighting resulted in the capture of several army horses and a herd of several hundred cattle with one US casualty. An attempt was made by the army to reclaim their stolen livestock and attack the Indians that resulted in the Battle of Rush Creek. The battle was inconclusive, resulting in just one Indian casualty and three US soldiers killed (with eight more injured). Lieutenant Colonel William O. Collins, commander of the army forces stated that chasing Indian troops further through the dry Sand Hills would be "unwise and useless". Once in the Powder River area, Arapaho saw an increase in the number of travelers moving along the established Bozeman line, leading to the Montana gold field. Settlers and miners traveling on the Bozeman Line through the state of the Powder River are seen as a threat by the Indians as they are numerous and often violent against the Indians encountered and compete for food along the path.
Hostilities in the Powder River area caused Major General Grenville M. Dodge to order the Powder River Expedition as a punishment campaign against Arapaho, Lakota, and Cheyenne. The expedition was inconclusive because no one had a definitive win. The allied Indian forces mostly dodged the soldiers except to attack their supply which caused most of the troops to be deprived of equipment. The most significant battles were the Tongue River Battle was Brigadier General Patrick Edward Connor ordered Frank North and his Pawnee Scout to find an Arapaho Indian camp under the leadership of the Black Bear Head. Once there, Connor sent 200 soldiers with two howitzers and 40 Omaha and Winnebago and 30 Pawnee scouts, and marched towards the village that night. Indian soldiers who act as scouts for the US Army are from the Pawnee, Omaha, and Winnebago tribes who are the traditional enemies of Arapaho and their Cheyenne and Lakota allies. With mountain man Jim Bridger leading their troops accused of camp. Most Arapaho soldiers have attacked Crow and the battle is a US victory that left 63 Arapaho dead, mostly women and children. Some of the soldiers present at the camp put up strong defenses and covered the women and children as most fled out of India's army and surveillance range. After the battle, the soldiers burned and looted the abandoned foot. Connor selected four Winnebago, including Little Priest's head, plus North and 15 Pawnee for bravery. The Pawnee succeeded with 500 horses from the camp herd in response to an earlier attack by Arapaho. Arapaho was not intimidated by the attack and launched a counterattack that resulted in the Sawyers Fight in which Arapaho's soldiers attacked a group of surveyors that resulted in three dead and no loss to Arapaho.
Red Cloud War
The Red Cloud War was a war that took place between US and Lakota allies, Northern Cheyenne and Northern Arapaho between 1866 and 1868. The war was named after the main leader of Oglala Lakota Red Cloud who led many followers into the battlefield with an army invasion. The war was a response to a large number of miners and settlers passing through the Bozeman Line, which is the quickest and easiest path from Fort Laramie to the Montana gold field. The Bozeman Trail passes right through the Powder River Country near the center of Arapaho, Cheyenne, Lakota, and the Dakota region in Wyoming and southern Montana. A large number of miners and settlers compete directly with Indians to obtain resources such as food along the path.
The most significant battle during the Red Cloud War was the Battle of Fetterman, also known as the Hundred Battle in Hand for Indian troops fighting on December 21, 1866. The battle involves Capt. William J. Fetterman leading a troop of 79 soldiers and two civilians after a group of ten Indian baiting plans to lure Fetterman forces to ambush. Ten decoys consist of two Arapaho, two Cheyenne, and six Lakota. Fetterman is renowned for his arrogant nature and his experience against Indian warriors and although his orders to not pursue the bait continue to do so. The famous Mountain man and guide for the soldiers stationed at Fort Laramie Jim Bridger commented on how the soldiers "know nothing about fighting Indians". After about half a mile of chase, the bait signaled the hidden soldiers to ambush Fetterman and his troops. The fighters from both sides of the streets commissioned Fetterman and forced them into nearby rocks where the battle soon became a hand-to-hand battle that gave the Indians an edge due to their skills in fighting with hand weapons such as tomahawk and war-clubs. Indian forces killed all Fetterman infantry and the following cavalry with a total of 81 dead. The battle was the biggest military defeat by the US in Great Plains until the Battle of Little Bighorn ten years later. The Red Cloud war ended in victory for Arapaho, Cheyenne, Lakota, and Dakota. The Fort Laramie Agreement guarantees legal control of the Powder River state to the Indians. Great Great Sioux War of 1876-77
You've come here to talk to us about the Black Hills, and, without discussing anything we say, and without changing anything we say we want to tell the great dad [President of the United States] when you come back that this is the country in which we were raised, and it has also been given to us by the covenant by the great dad. And I am here to take care of the country, and therefore, not only the Dakota [Sioux] Indians, but my people have an interest in the Black Hills we've talked about today.
During this period of great unrest, the tribe found itself deteriorating in leadership with many leaders holding little power among their bands. To regain strength as leaders and further negotiations for land in Wyoming, many of their tribal chiefs and soldiers are listed as army scouts for the United States and campaign against their allies. The head of Sharp Nose, regarded as influential and equal to Black Coal, was recorded as "the inspiration of the battlefield... He handles men with scarce judgment and coolness, and as simple as he dares." Despite their overall attitude as allies to America, some Arapaho warriors fought against the United States in key battles during the war.
As in previous wars, the US recruited Indian soldiers from tribes who were hostile to the Arapaho-Cheyenne-Lakota-Dakota Alliance to act as Indian scouts, mainly from Crow, Arikara, and Shoshone. Unlike previous conflicts involving the Lakota-Dakota-Cheyenne-Arapaho alliance and the United States, the Great Sioux War ended in victory for the United States. The bison flock that is the center of life for the Indians is much smaller as the government supports large-scale massacres to prevent collisions with railroads, conflicts with cattle ranches, and to force nomadic people in India to adopt a lively reservation life from government aid.. The decline in resources and famine is the main reason for the surrender of individual Indian bands and the end of the Great Sioux War.
The most significant battle of war was the Battle of Little Bighorn on 25-26 June 1876. The battle took place between soldiers from Lakota, Cheyenne, and Arapaho (as well as individual Dakota fighters) and the 7th Cavalry Regiment of the US Army. The battle took place along the Little Bighorn River in eastern Montana. The soldiers tried to ambush a large number of Indians along the river bed despite a warning from Crow Scouts who knew that Custer greatly underestimated the number of soldiers in the camp. The US Seventh Cavalry, including the Custer Battalion, a troop of 700 people led by George Armstrong Custer, suffered a severe defeat. Five of the seventh cavalry companies were destroyed. The total number of US casualties, including scouts, 268 dead including Custer and 55 were injured. Only five Arapaho are present in the battle and their presence by chance. Arapaho who attended were four Northern Arapaho soldiers named Yellow Eagle, Yellow Fly, Left Hand, and Water Man. The fifth Arapaho is a Southern Arapaho named Well-Knowing One (Sage) but also known as Green Grass. The five Arapahos were designated as a war party from nearby Fort Robinson to attack the Shoshone, but by chance came across a small party of young Sioux warriors. The Sioux thought that Arapaho was the Indian Scout Indian Army and invited them back to their camp along the Little Bighorn River, where they were captured and taken their weapons from them. Lakota and Dakota threatened to kill Arapaho, but Cheyenne chief Two Moons acknowledged the men as Arapaho and ordered their release. The next day was a battle and, though viewed with suspicion, the five Arapaho were actively fighting in battle. Water Man wearing a large eagle feather headdress, a white shirt, beaded trousers, a breech cloth, and paint his face red and yellow during the battle. Water Man confessed to killing one soldier while filling the steep river bank, but not taking the scalp because most of Arapaho refused to take the scalp off someone with short hair. Water Man claimed to have watched Custer die.
When I reached the top of the hill, I saw Custer. He wears a deer's skin, a coat and pants, and is on his hands and knees. He has been shot from the side and there is blood coming out of his mouth. He seemed to notice the Indians moving around him. Four soldiers sat around him, but they were all badly wounded. All other soldiers are down. Then the Indians closed around him, and I did not see anymore. Most of the soldiers killed by arrows, because they have arrows attached to it. The next time I saw Custer he was dead, and some Indians took their ruffled leather outfits.
Left Hand Arapaho soldiers accidentally killed a Lakota warrior whom he regarded as an Arikara scout, and though further outrage from Lakota left a live battle along with four other Arapaho. After the battle, Arapaho quietly slips away and returns to the Fort Robinson area.
Culture
Gender and division of labor
Traditionally, men are responsible for hunting. After horses are introduced, buffaloes become the main food source - meat, organs, and blood consumed. Blood by drinking it or making it into a pudding. Women (and haxu'xan (Two Spirits)) have traditionally been in charge of preparing food and cleaning the skin to make clothes and bedding, saddles, and housing materials.
Arapaho has historically had a social and spiritual role for those who are known in contemporary native culture as Two Spirit or all three genders. Anthropologist Alfred Kroeber writes about men of men who live as women, haxu'xan , who he thinks is believed to have "a natural desire to be a woman, and as they grow gradually into women" (and may married man); he further states that Arapaho believes that gender haxu'xan is a supernatural gift from birds or other animals, that they have magical powers, and they are also renowned for their creativity, such as making the first intoksikan of rainwater.
Clothing
On the Plains, women (and haxu'xan ) have historically dressed in mokasin, leggings, and long knee-length dresses, adorned with ramps, paint, elk teeth and beads. Men also wear mokasin, leggings, deer skin (drawn between legs, tied at the waist), and sometimes t-shirts; soldiers often wear necklaces. Many of these items are still part of contemporary clothing for both casual and formal wear, or as a regalia.
Economic development
In July 2005, Northern Arapahos won a court battle with the Wyoming State to enter the gaming or casino industry. Circuit Court 10 decides that the Wyoming State acts in bad faith when it will not negotiate with Arapahos to play the game. The Arapaho North opens the first casino in Wyoming. Currently, Arapaho Tribe owns and operates high stakes, Class III games at Wind River Casino, Little Wind Casino and 789 Smoke Shop and Casino. In 2012, The Wind River Hotel, linked to Wind River Casino, has a cultural space called Northern Arapaho Experience. They are governed by a Gaming Commission composed of three tribal members.
Meanwhile, the Cheyenne and Arapaho tribes operate three casinos: Lucky Star Casino in Clinton, Feather Warrior Casino in Watonga, and Feather Warrior Casino in Canton.
Notable Arapahos
- Chief Little Raven (c) 1810-1889), negotiated peace between Arapaho Selatan and Cheyenne and Comanche, Kiowa, and Apache Plains. He earned the rights to the Cheyenne-Arapaho Reservation in the Territory of India.
- Head Niwot (c) 1825-1864), led a band in North Colorado and died of a wound he suffered during the Sand River Massacre.
- Carl Sweezy (1881-1953), original original American original easel artist
- Sherman Coolidge (Runs-on-Top) (1862-1932), Episcopal minister and educator in the Wind River community who was a founding member of the Society of American Indians.
- Mirac Creepingbear (1947-1990), Arapaho-Kiowa painter
- Margaret Behan (born 1948), spiritual elder Arapaho-Cheyenne
- Viola Hatch (born 1930), activist Arapaho
See also
- Arapaho language
- Cheyenne and Arapaho tribes
- Indian River Wind Reservation
Note
References
- Fowler, Loretta. Arapahoe Politics, 1851-1978: The Symbol of the Crisis of Authorities. University of Nebraska Press, 1982. ISBNÃ, 0-8032-1956-3.
- McDermott, John D. Ring of Fire: Indian War of 1865. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2000.
- Pritzker, Barry M. The Original American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. ISBNÃ, 978-0-19-513877-1.
- Waldman, Carl. Encyclopedia of Native American Tribes . New York: Checkmark Book, 2006. ISBNÃ, 0-8160-6273-0.
Further reading
- Kroeber, Alfred Louis (1903). Arapaho Tradition . Retrieved August 24 2012 .
- Kroeber, Alfred Louis (1901). Decorative symbolism from Arapaho . G.P. Putnam's Sons . Retrieved August 24 2012 .
External links
- The Arapaho North
- Cheyenne and Arapaho tribes in Oklahoma
- Arapaho Language Example
- The History and Culture Encyclopedia of Oklahoma - Arapaho, South
- Arapaho Charter High School
- Arapaho artwork, in the collection of the American Indian National Museum
- Info Please: Arapaho
- Arapaho Language: Documentation and Revitalization
- Arapaho Project
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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