Dirt is organic material, mostly derived from animal waste except in the case of green manure, which can be used as organic fertilizer in agriculture. Manure contributes to soil fertility by adding organic ingredients and nutrients, such as nitrogen, which is exploited by bacteria, fungi and other organisms in the soil. The higher organisms then feed on fungi and bacteria in the chain of life consisting of soil food webs.
In the past, the term "impurities" includes inorganic fertilizers, but these uses are now very rare.
Video Manure
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There are three main classes of fertilizer used in soil management:
Animal droppings
Most animal waste is made up of dirt. Common forms of animal waste include manure (FYM) or agricultural slurry (liquid fertilizer). FYM also contains plant material (often straw), which has been used as a bedding for animals and has absorbed dirt and urine. Fertilizer farming in liquid form, known as pulp, is produced by a more intensive livestock raising system where concrete or blades are used instead of straw bedding. Fertilizers from different animals have different qualities and require different levels of application when used as fertilizer. For example horses, cows, pigs, sheep, chickens, turkeys, rabbits, and guano from seabirds and bats have different properties. For example, sheep droppings are high in nitrogen and potassium, while pig manure is relatively low in both. Horses mainly eat grass and some weeds so that horse dung can contain weeds and weeds, because horses do not digest seeds like cattle. Cow manure is a good source of nitrogen and organic carbon. Litter, derived from birds, is highly concentrated in nitrogen and phosphate and is valuable for both traits. "
Animal waste can be forged or contaminated with other animal products, such as wool (dull hair and other hair), feathers, blood, and bones. Animal feeds can be mixed with manure due to spills. For example, chickens are often fed meat and bone meal, animal products, which can eventually be mixed with chicken manure.
Human feces
Some people refer to human waste as human waste, and the word "humanure" has also been used. Just like animal feces, it can be applied as a soil conditioner (reuse of excreta in agriculture). Sludge waste is a material containing human waste, such as those produced after mixing sewage with water and wastewater treatment at sewage plants.
Compost
Compost is the residue of decomposed organic material. It usually comes from plants, but often includes some animal feces or beds.
Green Fertilizer
Green manures are plants grown for a specific purpose of plowing them, thereby increasing fertility through the incorporation of nutrients and organic matter into soil. Leguminous plants such as clover are often used for this, as they fix nitrogen using the Rhizobia bacteria on special nodes in the root structure.
Other types of plant material used as fertilizers include the contents of ruminants slaughtered ruminants, spent grains (leftovers from beer brewing) and seaweed.
Maps Manure
Use of dirt
Animal droppings
Animal waste, such as chicken manure and cow dung, have been used for centuries as fertilizer for agriculture. Can improve soil structure (aggregation) so that the soil holds more nutrients and water, and therefore becomes more fertile. Animal waste also promotes soil microbial activity that promotes the supply of trace mineral minerals, improves plant nutrition. It also contains some nitrogen and other nutrients that help plant growth.
Manure with a very unpleasant odor (like porridge from an intensive pig farm) is usually touched (injected) directly into the soil to reduce the release of the odor. Manure from pigs and cows is usually spread in the fields using fertilizer spreaders. Due to the relatively lower levels of protein in vegetables, herbivorous fertilizers have a lighter odor than carnivorous or omnivorous impurities. However, herbivorous porridge that has undergone anaerobic fermentation may develop more unpleasant odors, and this can be a problem in some agricultural areas. Poultry waste is harmful to plants when it is fresh, but after the composting period is a valuable fertilizer.
Manure is also commercially manufactured compost and bagged and sold retail as an amendment of land.
In 2018, Austrian scientists offer paper production methods of elephant and cow dung.
Problem
Any quantity of manure can be a source of pathogens or food-decay organisms that fly, rodents or other vector organisms can carry, or cause disease or harm food safety.
Antibiotic cattle
In 2007, a study at the University of Minnesota showed that foods such as corn, lettuce, and potatoes have been found to accumulate antibiotics from soil dispersed with animal waste containing these drugs.
Organic foods may be much more or less likely to contain antibiotics, depending on the source and treatment of their impurities. For example, based on the Land Association Standard 4.7.38, most organic farmers can have their own fertilizer supply (which, therefore, usually does not contain drug residues) or depend on green manure crops for additional fertility (if there is inorganic impurities used by organic farmers, then it should usually be decomposed or composted to reduce the residue of the drug and eliminate any pathogenic bacteria - Standard 4.7.38, the organic farming standard of the Association Land). On the other hand, as found in the University of Minnesota study, the use of artificial non-fertilizers, and resulting in the exclusive use of manure as fertilizer, by organic farmers can result in a greater accumulation of antibiotics in organic foods.
See also
References
External links
- Application and environmental risk of livestock manure
- North American Dirt Exhibition
- Cornell Chickenwere Program
- Estimated Rate of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Area from Animal Stools to Contaminated USA, United States Geological Survey 2002
- Fertilizer Management, Water Quality Information Center, US Department of Agriculture
- Animal Husbandry and Poultry Learning Center, a community practice on animal waste management
- Antibiotics and Hormones in Animal Wastes (Webcasts): Two parts webcast series of science available about potential risks and best management practices related to antibiotics and hormones from animal waste
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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