Breastfeeding , also known as breastfeeding , is feeding babies and young children with milk from women's breasts. Health experts recommend that breastfeeding begins in the first hours of the baby's life and continues as often and as much as the baby wants. During the first few weeks of life the baby can breastfeed approximately every two to three hours and the duration of feeding is usually ten to fifteen minutes on each breast. Older children feed less frequently. The mother can pump milk so it can be used later when breastfeeding is not possible. Breastfeeding has a number of benefits for mothers and infants, who lack formula.
Deaths of about 820,000 children under the age of five can be prevented globally annually with increased breastfeeding. Breastfeeding reduces the risk of respiratory infections and diarrhea, both in developing and developed countries. Other benefits include a lower risk of asthma, food allergies, type 1 diabetes, and leukemia. Breastfeeding can also improve cognitive development and reduce the risk of obesity in adulthood. Mothers may feel the pressure to breastfeed, but in developed countries children generally grow normally when bottled.
The benefits for the mother include less blood loss after delivery, better uterine shrinkage, and less postpartum depression. Breastfeeding delayed the return of menstruation and fertility, a phenomenon known as lactational amenorrhea. Long-term benefits for mothers include reduced risk of breast cancer, cardiovascular disease, and rheumatoid arthritis. Breastfeeding is cheaper than formula milk.
Health organizations, including the World Health Organization (WHO), recommend exclusively breastfeeding for six months. This means no food or drink other than maybe vitamin D is usually given. After the introduction of food at six months of age, recommendations include breastfeeding for up to one to two years or more. Globally 38% of infants are breastfed only during the first six months of life. In the United States, about 75% of women start breastfeeding and about 13% only breastfeed until the age of six months. Medical conditions that do not allow breastfeeding are rare. Mothers who take certain medicines and recreational drugs should not breastfeed. Smoking, alcohol in limited quantities, or coffee is not a reason to avoid breastfeeding.
Video Breastfeeding
Lactation
Early changes of pregnancy prepare the breast for lactation. Before pregnancy, the breast consists mostly of fatty tissue (fat) but under the influence of estrogen, progesterone, prolactin, and other hormones, the breast prepares milk production for infants. There is an increase in blood flow to the breast. Pigmentation of the nipple and areola is also increased. The size also increases, but the breast size is not related to the amount of milk that the mother will be able to produce after the baby is born. In the second trimester of pregnancy, colostrum, a thick yellowish liquid, begins to be produced in the alveoli and continues to be produced for the first few days until milk "enters," about 30 to 40 hours after delivery. Oxytocin contracts with smooth muscle of the uterus during birth and after delivery, called the postpartum period, while breastfeeding. Oxytocin also contracts the smooth muscle layers of cells such as bands that surround the alveoli to squeeze the newly-produced milk into the duct system. Oxytocin is required for a milk exclusion expenditure, or let-down, in response to suckling, occurring.
Maps Breastfeeding
breast milk
Not all properties of ASI are understood, but the nutritional content is relatively consistent. Breast milk is made of nutrients in the mother's bloodstream and body stores. It has the optimal balance of fat, sugar, water, and protein needed for growth and development of the baby. Breastfeeding triggers a biochemical reaction that enables enzymes, hormones, growth factors and immune substances to effectively survive against infectious diseases for babies. Breast milk also has long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids that help the development of normal retina and nerves.
The composition of breast milk changes depending on how long the baby nurse in each session, as well as at the age of the child. The first type, produced during the first days after delivery, is called colostrum . Colostrum is easily digested even though it is more concentrated than boiled milk. It has a laxative effect that helps the baby to pass the initial stool, helps the excessive excretion of bilirubin, which helps prevent jaundice. It also helps to seal the baby's gastrointestinal tract from foreign substances, which can make the baby sensitive to the food the mother eats. Although the baby has received several antibodies through the placenta, colostrum contains a new substance for the newborn immunoglobulin A (IgA), secretion. IgA works to attack germs in the mucous membranes of the throat, lungs, and intestines, which are most likely to be attacked by germs.
Breasts begin to produce boiled milk about the third or fourth day after birth. At the beginning of the breastfeeding session, the breasts produce foremilk , thinner milk containing lots of protein and vitamins. If the baby continues to breastfeed, then hindmilk is produced. Hindmilk has a more creamy color and texture because it contains more fat.
Process
Commencement
Breastfeeding can begin immediately after birth. Babies are put on the mother and breastfeeding begins as soon as the baby shows interest. According to some, most babies do not start breastfeeding immediately if placed between the mother's breast but enter a period of rest and quiet alertness. During this time they seem to be more interested in the mother's face, especially her eyes, rather than starting suckling. It has been speculated that this period of interaction of mothers helps in mother-child bonding for mothers and infants.
There is increasing evidence showing that early skin-to-skin contact (also called kangaroo care) between mother and baby stimulates breastfeeding behavior in infants. Newborns who are immediately placed on their mother's skin have a natural instinct to stick to the breast and start breastfeeding, usually within an hour of birth. Immediate skin-to-skin contact can provide a form of printing that makes subsequent feeding significantly easier. In addition to breastfeeding and a more successful bond, skin-to-skin contact immediately reduces crying and warms the baby.
According to a study cited by UNICEF, babies naturally follow a process that leads to first breastfeeding. Initially after birth the baby cries with his first breath. Shortly after, relax and make small movements of the arms, shoulders and head. If placed in the mother's abdomen, the baby then crawls toward the breast, called the breast crawling and begins to feed. After breastfeeding, it is normal for the baby to remain attached to the breast while resting. This is sometimes mistaken for lack of appetite. Without interruption, all babies follow this process. Rushing or interrupting the process, such as getting a baby to weigh it, may complicate subsequent feeding. Activities such as weighing, measuring, bathing, needle-stick, and eye prophylaxy wait until after the first feeding. "
The current study strongly supports direct mother-to-skin contact with the skin even if the baby is born with Cesarean surgery. Babies are placed in mothers in the operating room or recovery area. If the mother can not immediately hold the baby, family members can provide skin-to-skin care until the mother is able. La Leche League suggests skin-to-skin care shortly after unexpected surgery rather than vaginal delivery "can help heal any feelings of sadness or disappointment if the birth does not go as planned."
Premature children have difficulty in initiating breastfeeding shortly after birth. By convention, such children are often breastfed or other supplementary foods through tubes or bottles until they develop a satisfactory ability to suck milk. Breastfeeding, although commonly used, is not supported by scientific evidence in October 2016. It has also been reported in the same systematic review that by avoiding bottles and using cups in lieu of providing additional food for premature children, more breastfeeding rates big. for a longer duration can then be achieved.
Time
Newborns usually express a request to feed every one to three hours (8-12 times in 24 hours) for the first two to four weeks. Newborns have very small stomach capacity. At the age of one day it is 5-7 ml, the size of a marble; on the third day is 22-30 ml, the size of a "shooter" marble; and on the seventh day it was 45-60 ml, or about the size of a ping-pong ball. The amount of breast milk produced is timed to meet the needs of the baby because the first milk, colostrum, is concentrated but produced only in very small quantities, gradually increasing the volume to meet the size of infant's abdominal capacity.
According to La Leche League International, "Experienced breastfeeding mothers learn that baby sucking patterns and needs vary.While some baby sucking needs are met especially during breastfeeding, other babies may need additional breast sucking soon after eating even though they can also breastfeed when they are lonely, fear or pain.... Entertaining and fulfilling the need for sucking in the breast is a natural original design Dot (dummies, soothers) is a substitute for mom when she can not Another reason to soothe the baby especially on the breast including superior mouth development, lactational amenorrhoea prolonged, avoidance of nipple confusion, and adequate milk supply stimulation to ensure higher breastfeeding success rates.
During the newborn period, most breastfeeding sessions require 20 to 45 minutes. After one breast is empty, the mother can offer another breast.
Duration and exclusivity
Health organizations recommend exclusive breastfeeding for six months after birth. Exclusive breastfeeding is defined as "infant consumption from breast milk without supplementation of any kind (no water, no juice, no non-human milk and no food) except vitamins, minerals and medicines." In some countries, including the United States, the United Kingdom, and Canada, daily vitamin D supplements are recommended for all breastfed babies.
After solid foods are introduced around the age of six months, breastfeeding is recommended continued. The AAP recommends that infants be breastfed for at least 12 months, or longer if the mother and child wishes. WHO guidelines recommend "keep [d] frequent, breastfeeding on demand for up to two years or more."
Most mothers can produce enough milk to meet their baby's nutritional needs for six months. Breast milk supply adds to the baby's demand for milk, and decreases when milk is left in the breast. Low milk supply is usually caused by keeping milk in the breast for long periods of time, or not draining enough breast during meals. It can usually be prevented, unless it is caused by a medical condition that is thought to affect up to five percent of women. If the baby attaches and swallows well, but does not gain weight as expected or shows signs of dehydration, a low milk supply to the mother may be suspected.
Location
Most US states now have laws that allow a mother to breastfeed her baby anywhere. In hospitals, treatment rooms allow babies to stay with mothers and simplify the process. Some commercial establishments provide breastfeeding spaces, although legislation generally determines that mothers can breastfeed anywhere, without the need for special areas. Breastfeeding in the public remains controversial in many developed countries.
In 2014, the newly elected Pope Francis drew comments worldwide as he encouraged mothers to breastfeed babies in church. During the baptism of the pope, he said that mothers "should not stand on ceremonies" if their children are hungry. "If they are hungry, mother, feed them, without thinking twice," he said, smiling. "Because they are the most important people here."
Position
Positioning and proper techniques for sticking are required to prevent nipple pain and allow the baby to get enough milk.
The baby can successfully stick to the breast from several positions. Each baby can choose a particular position. The "football" continues to place the baby's feet beside the mother's side with the baby facing the mother. Using a "cradle" or "cross-body" handle, the mother supports the baby's head in the curve of her arm. The "cross-over" continues similar to holding a cradle, except that the mother supports the baby's head with the opposite hand. The mother can choose a position lying on her back or side with the baby lying next to her.
Paste on
Sticking refers to how the baby ties the breast while breastfeeding. Rooting reflexes are a natural tendency for the baby to turn toward the breast with the mouth wide open; mothers occasionally use this gently caressing babies' cheeks or lips with their nipples to encourage the baby to move into positions for breastfeeding sessions. Babies also use their sense of smell to find the nipple. The sebaceous gland is called the Glands of Montgomery located in the areola secreting oily fluid that lubricates the nipple. The visible part of the gland can be seen on the surface of the skin as a small round bulge. They become more pronounced during pregnancy and speculate that the baby is attracted to the smell of secretions. One study found that when one breast was washed with soap that was not flavorful, the baby preferred the other, suggesting that water would be the best washing substance while the baby became accustomed to breastfeeding.
In good latches, large amounts of areola, other than the nipple, are in the baby's mouth. The nipple should be tilted toward the roof of the mouth, and the baby's lips should be flanged out. In some cases where a baby does not seem to be able to properly lock the problem may be related to a medical condition called ankyloglossia, also referred to as "tongue-bound". Under these conditions, babies can not get a good latch because their tongue sticks to the bottom of their mouth by a group of tissues and they can not open their mouths wide enough or keep their tongue at the bottom of the gums while sucking. If the baby can not hold his tongue in the right position, they may chew up rather than suck, causing nutritional deficiencies for the baby and significant nipple pain for the mother. If it is determined that the inability to properly lock is associated with ankyloglossia, a simple surgical procedure can improve the condition.
At one time, it was thought that a nipple massage before the birth of the baby would help to strengthen them and thus avoid the possibility of nipple whitening. It is now known that a good latch is the best prevention for nipple pain. There is also little concern about small, flat, even "upside down" nipples because it is now believed that babies can still get a good cover with perhaps a little extra effort. In one type of nipple upside down, the nipple easily becomes erect when stimulated, but in the second type, called "right reversed nipple," the nipple shrinks back to the breast when the areola is squeezed. According to La Leche League, "There is a debate about whether pregnant women should be screened for flat or reversed nipples and whether nursing care should be routinely recommended.Some experts believe that a well-attached baby can draw a nipple reverse far enough back into his mouth for a nurse effectively. "La Leche League offers several techniques for use during pregnancy or even in the early days after birth that can help to bring a flat or reversed nipple.
Lactation Consultant
Lactation consultants are trained to assist mothers in preventing and overcoming breastfeeding difficulties such as sore nipples and low milk supply. They generally work in hospitals, physician or midwife practice, public health programs, and private practice. Exclusive and partial breastfeeding is more common in hospitalized mothers who employ trained breastfeeding consultants.
Newborn jaundice
About 60% of term infants develop jaundice within days of birth. Jaundice, or yellowing of the skin and eyes, occurs when normal substance, bilirubin, accumulates in the bloodstream of newborns faster than the liver can break it down and remove it through the baby's stool. With breastfeeding more often or for longer periods of time, the baby's body can usually rid itself of excess bilirubin. However, in some cases, babies may need additional treatment to keep the condition from continuing to more severe problems.
There are two types of newborn jaundice. Breast milk jaundice occurs in about 1 in 200 infants. Here the jaundice is usually not seen until the baby is a week old. It often peaks during the second or third week. Breast milk jaundice can be caused by substances in breast milk that decrease the baby's ability to deal with bilirubin. Breast milk jaundice rarely causes problems, whether treated or not. Usually not a reason to stop breastfeeding.
Different types of jaundice, Breastfeeding , may occur in the first week of life in more than 1 in 10 breastfed infants. The cause is considered an inadequate milk intake, which causes dehydration or low caloric intake. When the baby does not get enough small and rare milk intestine movements so that the bilirubin in the baby's intestine will be absorbed back into the blood instead of being passed in the bowel movement. Inadequate intake may be because the mother's milk is drinking longer than the average for "admission" or because the baby is not tidy while nursing. If the baby is really attached the mother should offer more frequent breastfeeding sessions to increase the hydration for the baby and encourage her breasts to produce more milk. If a poor latch is considered a problem, a lactation expert should assess and advise.
Wean
Weaning is the process of replacing breast milk with other foods; the baby is fully weaned after the replacement is complete. Psychological factors affect the weaning process for mothers and babies, because the problem of closeness and separation is very prominent. If a baby less than a one year old replacement bottle is needed; Older babies can receive breast milk from a cup. Unless a medical emergency requires stopping breastfeeding unexpectedly, it is best to gradually reduce the feed to allow the breast to adjust to the decreasing demands without becoming enlarged. La Leche League suggests: "Dinner is usually the last, so the sleep routine is not centered around breastfeeding, one or two good books will eventually become more important than a long session in the breast."
If breastfeeding suddenly stops, women's breasts tend to become enlarged with milk. Pumping small amounts to relieve discomfort helps to train the breasts gradually to produce less milk. There is currently no safe drug to prevent swelling, but cold compresses and ibuprofen can help relieve pain and swelling. Pain should disappear within one to five days. If symptoms persist and comfort measures do not help a woman should consider the possibility that droplets or clogged infections may exist and seek medical intervention.
When the weaning is complete, the mother's breast returns to its previous size after several menstrual cycles. If the mother has lactation amenorrhea then her period will return with the return of fertility. When she is no longer breastfeeding, she needs to adjust her diet to avoid weight gain.
Drugs
Almost all drugs enter into breast milk in small amounts. Some have no effect on infants and can be used while breastfeeding. Many drugs are known to significantly suppress breast milk production, including pseudoephedrine, diuretics, and estrogen-containing contraceptives.
The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) states that "tobacco smoking by mothers is not a contraindication to breastfeeding." Breastfeeding is actually especially recommended for mothers who smoke, because of the protective effect against SIDS.
With regard to alcohol, AAP states that when breastfeeding, "moderation is recommended" and recommends waiting for 2 hours after drinking before breastfeeding or pumping. The 2014 review found that "even in the theoretical case of binge drinking, children will not be subjected to clinically relevant amounts of alcohol [via breast milk]", and will have no adverse effects on children during "occasional" drinking.
Method
Served milk
A mother can express (produce) her milk for storage and subsequent use. Expression occurs with a massage or breast pump. These can be stored in a freezer storage pouch, a container made specifically for breastmilk, an additional breastfeeding system, or a ready-to-use bottle. Use someone other than a wet mother/nurse to provide bottles to maintain the nursing association of babies with wet mothers/nurses and bottle feeding with others.
Breast milk can be stored at room temperature for up to six hours, cooled for up to eight days or frozen for six to twelve months. Research shows that antioxidant activity in breast milk decreases over time, but remains at a higher rate than in infant formula.
Mom expresses breast milk for various reasons. Expressing breast milk can sustain mother's milk supply when she and her child are separated. A sick baby who can not breastfeed can take breast milk through a nasogastric tube. Some babies are unable or unwilling to breastfeed. The expressed milk is the preferred method of feeding for premature babies. Transmission of viral disease can be prevented by expressing breast milk and subjecting it to pasteurization holders. Some women donate breastmilk express (EBM) to others, either directly or through milk banks. This allows mothers who can not breastfeed to give their babies breastfeeding benefits.
Babies are fed differently from artificial nipples than from breasts. With the breast, the baby's tongue massage the milk out rather than suck, and the nipple does not go deep into the mouth. Drinking from a bottle requires less effort and milk can come faster, potentially causing the baby to lose the desire for the breast. This is called nursing, nipple or nipple confusion . To avoid this, expressed milk can be given in a way like a spoon or cup.
"Exclusive express", "exclusively pumping", and "EPing" are terms for mothers exclusively breastfed. With good pumping habits, especially in the first 12 weeks while building milk supplies, it is possible to express enough milk to feed infants indefinitely. With improvements in breast pumps, many women exclusively breastfeed, expressing breast milk at work in the lactation chambers. Women can leave their babies in the care of others while traveling, while maintaining breastfeeding supplies.
Not only mothers who can breastfeed their children. She can hire other women to do it (wet nurse), or she can share child care with another mother (cross nursing). Both of these are common throughout history. It remains popular in some developing countries, including in Africa, for more than one woman to breastfeed a child. Breastfeeding is a risk factor for infant HIV infection. Nursing together can sometimes provoke a negative reaction in the English-speaking world.
Tandem feeding
It is possible for a mother to continue breastfeeding an older sibling while also breastfeeding a new baby; this is called tandem nursing . During the final stages of pregnancy, breast milk turns into colostrum. While some children continue to breastfeed even with these changes, others may wean. Most mothers can produce enough breastmilk for tandem feeding, but newborns should be treated for at least the first few days after delivery to ensure that they receive enough colostrum.
Breastfeeding triplets or larger mothers is a challenge that varies with baby tastes. Breasts can respond to demand and produce larger amounts of milk; mothers have successfully done breast feeding triplets.
Induction of lactation
Lactation induction, also called lactation lactation, is the process of starting breastfeeding in women who do not give birth. This usually requires the adoptive mother to take hormones and other drugs to stimulate breast development and increase milk production. In some cultures, breastfeeding an adopted child creates a dairy kinship that builds community ties across classes and other hierarchical bonds.
Re-lactation
Re-lactation is the process of restarting breastfeeding. In developing countries, mothers can restart breastfeeding after weaning as part of oral rehydration treatment for diarrhea. In developed countries, lactation is common once the initial medical problem is resolved, or because a mother changes her mind about breastfeeding.
Re-lactation is most easily done with newborns or with infants previously breastfed; if the baby is initially bottled, the baby may refuse to breastfeed. If the mother has recently stopped breastfeeding, she is more likely to be able to rebuild her milk supply, and more likely to have enough supplies. Although some women managed to regain lactation after months of interruption, success was higher for shorter interruptions.
Techniques to promote lactation are often used for breastfeeding, extensive skin-to-skin contact with infants, and frequent and lengthy pumping sessions. Suntling can be pushed with a tube filled with infant formula, so the baby association feeds on the breast with food. Drops or syringes without needles can be used to place milk into the breast as the infant suckles. The mother should let the baby suckle at least ten times for 24 hours, and more often if she is interested. These times can include every two hours, whenever the baby seems interested, longer in each breast, and when the baby is sleepy when he/she will suckle faster. As the contact between mother and child increases, including increased skin-to-skin contact, the grandmother has to retreat and assist in other ways. Then, the grandmother can again provide more direct care for the baby.
These techniques require mother's commitment for several weeks or months. However, even when lactation is formed, the supply may not be large enough to exclusively breastfeed. A supportive social environment increases the likelihood of success. As breastmilk production increases, other feedings may decline. Parents and other family members should pay attention to infant weight and urine output to assess nutritional adequacy.
The WHO guideline for doctors and senior health workers quoting a 1992 source states: "If the baby has been breastfeeding occasionally, the breast milk supply increases within a few days.If the baby stops breastfeeding, it may take 1-2 weeks or more before much milk comes.
Extended
Extended breastfeeding means breastfeeding after the age of 12 or 24 months, depending on the source. In Western countries such as the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom, extended breastfeeding is relatively rare and can provoke criticism.
In the United States, 22.4% of infants are breastfed for 12 months, the minimum amount of time recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics. In India, mothers generally breastfeed for 2 to 3 years.
Health effects
Support for breastfeeding is universal among health organizations and large children. WHO states, "Breast milk is the ideal food for healthy babies growth and development, breastfeeding is also an integral part of the reproductive process with important implications for maternal health."
Breastfeeding lowers the risk of some diseases in the mother and baby. The US Preventive Services Task Force recommends efforts to promote breastfeeding.
Baby
Early breastfeeding is associated with fewer breastfeeding problems at night. Early skin-to-skin contact between mother and baby improves breastfeeding results and improves cardio-respiratory stability. Reviews from 2007 found many benefits. Breastfeeding helps general health, growth and development in infants. Infants who are not breastfed have a slightly increased risk of developing acute and chronic diseases, including lower respiratory tract infections, ear infections, bacteremia, bacterial meningitis, botulism, urinary tract infections, and necrotizing enterocolitis. Breastfeeding can protect against sudden infant death syndrome, insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, lymphoma, allergic diseases, gastrointestinal disease, obesity, developing diabetes, or later childhood leukemia. and can improve cognitive development.
Growth
The average breastfed infant doubles the birth weight in 5-6 months. At one year, breast-fed infants typically weigh about 2-1/2 times their birth weight. At one year, breast-fed infants tend to be leaner than formula-fed infants, which promote long-term health.
Davis Area Research on Lactation, Infant Nutrition and Growth (DARLING) study reported that breast milk and formula groups had the same weight during the first 3 months, but breast-fed infants began to fall below the baseline at 6 to 8 months and significantly lower than the formula milk group between 6 and 18 months. The increase in length and head circumference values ​​are similar among groups, suggesting that breast-fed infants are slimmer.
Infection
Breast milk contains several anti-infective factors such as bile stimulated lipase salts (protect against amoebic infection) and lactoferrin (which bind iron and inhibit the growth of intestinal bacteria).
Exclusive breastfeeding until the age of six months helps protect babies from gastrointestinal infections in both developing and industrialized countries. The risk of death from diarrhea and other infections increases when babies are partially breastfed or not breastfed at all. Infants exclusively breastfed during the first six months are less likely to die from gastrointestinal infections than infants switching from exclusive breastfeeding to partial breastfeeding at three to four months.
During breastfeeding, about 0.25-0.5 grams per day of IgA secretory antibodies migrate to the baby through milk. This is one of the important features of colostrum. The main target for these antibodies is probably the microorganisms in the baby's intestine. The rest of the body displays some of the uptake of IgA, but this number is relatively small.
Maternal vaccination while breastfeeding is safe for almost all vaccines. In addition, maternal immunity obtained through vaccination against tetanus, diphtheria, whooping cough and influenza can protect babies from these diseases, and breastfeeding can reduce the level of fever after infant immunization. However, smallpox and yellow fever vaccines increase the risk of developing infants vaccinia and encephalitis.
Mortality
Infants who did not receive breast milk were nearly six times more likely to die at the age of one month than those who were partially or completely breastfed.
Childhood obesity
The protective effect of breastfeeding on obesity is consistent, though small, in many studies. A 2013 longitudinal study reported less obesity at age two and four years among breast-fed infants for at least four months.
Allergic diseases
In children at risk for developing allergic diseases (defined as at least one parent or relative having atopy), atopic syndrome can be prevented or delayed by 4 months of exclusive breastfeeding, although this benefit can not survive.
Other health effects
Breastfeeding can reduce the risk of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC).
Breastfeeding or the introduction of gluten while breastfeeding does not protect against celiac disease among at-risk children. Healthy human breast milk feeding on foods containing gluten contains unassegradable gliadin (major gluten protein). Early recognition of gluten traces in infants to potentially cause tolerance does not reduce the risk of celiac disease. Delaying the introduction of gluten does not prevent, but is associated with delayed disease.
Approximately 19% of leukemia cases can be prevented by breastfeeding for six months or longer.
Breastfeeding can lower the risk of cardiovascular disease later on, as shown by lower levels of cholesterol and C-reactive protein in nursing adult women. Breastfed babies are somewhat lower in blood pressure later on, but it is unclear how many practical benefits are provided.
A 1998 study showed that breastfed babies have a better chance of good dental health than formula-fed infants because of the developmental effects of breastfeeding on the oral and airways. It is estimated that with fewer malocclusions, breastfed children may have a reduced need for orthodontic intervention. The report suggests that children with rounded "U-shaped" rounded teeth, found more frequently in breast-fed children, may have fewer problems with snoring and sleep apnea later in life. A 2016 review found that breastfeeding is protected against malocclusion.
The duration of breastfeeding has correlated with child abuse outcomes, including neglect and sexual harassment.
Intelligence
It is unclear whether breastfeeding improves intelligence in the future. Some studies have found no association after controlling for confounding factors such as maternal intelligence (smarter mothers are more likely to breastfeed their babies). However, other studies have concluded that breastfeeding is associated with increased cognitive development in childhood, although the cause may increase maternal-child interactions rather than nutrition.
Mother
Breastfeeding can improve the physical and emotional health of the mother.
Maternal bond
Hormones released during breastfeeding help strengthen maternal bonds. The teacher's partner on how to manage common difficulties is associated with higher breastfeeding rates. Support for breastfeeding mothers can strengthen family ties and help build paternal bonds.
Fertility
Exclusive breastfeeding usually delays the return of fertility through lactation amenorrhoea, although it does not provide reliable birth control. Breastfeeding can delay the return of fertility for some women by suppressing ovulation. The mother may not ovulate, or have regular periods, during the entire lactation period. Non-ovulation periods vary by individual. It has been used as a natural contraceptive, with an effectiveness of more than 98% during the first six months after birth if certain nursing behaviors are followed.
Bleeding
While breastfeeding immediately after birth is believed to increase uterine contractions and reduce bleeding, the evidence of high quality to support this is lacking.
More
It is unclear whether breastfeeding causes the mother to lose weight after giving birth. The National Institutes of Health states that it can help you lose weight.
For breastfeeding women, long-term health benefits include reducing the risk of breast cancer, ovarian cancer, and endometrial cancer.
The 2011 review found it unclear whether breastfeeding affects the risk of postpartum depression. Other reviews found evidence while lower risk among breastfeeding mothers.
Diabetes
Breastfed infants are associated with a lower likelihood of developing type 1 diabetes mellitus. Breast-fed infants also appear to have a lower likelihood of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus later in life. Breastfeeding is also associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes among mothers who practice it.
Social factors
The majority of mothers intend to breastfeed at birth. Many factors can disrupt this intention. Research conducted in the US shows that information about breastfeeding is rarely provided by female obstetricians during their prenatal visits and some health experts mistakenly believe that commercially prepared formulas are the same as breast milk. Many hospitals have adopted practices that encourage breastfeeding, but a 2012 survey in the US found that 24% of maternity services still provide commercial baby formula supplements as a common practice within the first 48 hours after birth. Call for Action to Support Breastfeeding from the Elderly Home trying to educate practitioners. Breastfeeding support leads to increased breastfeeding duration and exclusivity. Social support
Positive social support in important relationships new mothers play a central role in breastfeeding promotion beyond the medical center boundaries. Social support can come in many incarnations, including real social interactions, loving care, and emotional and information support. This increase in support capacity has been shown to greatly affect breastfeeding rates, especially among women with under-secondary education. In the social circle that surrounds the mother, support is the most important of the male partner, mother mother, and family and friends. Studies have shown that closest relationships with mothers have the strongest impact on breastfeeding rates, while negative perspectives on breastfeeding from close family inhibit their prevalence.
- Mothers - Adolescents are a risk factor for low breastfeeding rates, although personal, professional or layout classes, books and counseling can help keep up. Some women fear that breastfeeding will have a negative impact on the appearance of their breasts. However, a 2008 study found that breastfeeding had no effect on women's breasts, other factors contributing to "sagging" breasts, such as old age, pregnancy number, and smoking behavior.
- Partners - Partners may be less knowledgeable about breastfeeding and their role in practice.
- Wet nursing - Social and cultural attitudes toward breastfeeding in the African-American community are also affected by the wet nursing heritage imposed during slavery.
Maternity leave
Work is the most cited reason for not breastfeeding. In 2012 Save the Children examines the maternity leave law, ranking 36 industrialized countries according to their support for breastfeeding. Norway ranked first, while the United States last. Maternity leave in the US varies widely, including by the state, although the Family Medical Leave Act (FMLA), which guarantees most mothers to 12 weeks of unpaid leave. The majority of US mothers continue their previous work.
Health Care
Breast surgery
Breastfeeding can generally be tried after breast augmentation or reduction surgery, but previous breast surgery is a risk factor for low milk supply.
A systemic review of 2014 found that women who performed breast implant surgery were less likely to breastfeed exclusively, but it was based on only three small studies and the reasons for the correlation were not clear. A follow-up study conducted in 2014 found a decrease in breastfeeding rates in women who had undergone breast augmentation surgery, but again the reason is unclear. The authors suggest that women who consider augmentation should be given information relating to the success rate of breastfeeding as part of informed decision making when considering surgery.
The previous breast reduction surgery is strongly associated with a possible increase in the supply of low milk due to tissue and nerve disorders. Some surgical techniques to reduce breast appear to be more successful than others in preserving the tissues that produce and deliver milk to the nipple. 2017 reviews found that women were more likely to succeed by breastfeeding with this technique.
Maternal infection
Healthy infants uniformly benefit from breastfeeding; however, extra precautions should be taken or breastfeeding to be avoided in circumstances including certain infectious diseases. A breastfeeding child may be infected with HIV. Factors such as viral load in mother's milk make it difficult for breastfeeding recommendations for HIV-positive mothers.
In mothers treated with antiretroviral drugs, the risk of HIV transmission by breastfeeding is 1-2%. Therefore, breastfeeding is still recommended in areas of the world with deaths from common infectious diseases. Milk formula should only be given if this can be done safely.
WHO recommends that national authorities in each country decide which baby feeding practices should be promoted by their maternal and child health services to avoid mother-to-child transmission of HIV. Other maternal infections of concern are active active tuberculosis or human T-lymphotropic virus.
Drugs
Breastfeeding mothers should tell their health care provider about all the medications they are taking, including herbal products. Breast-feeding mothers can be immunized and can take most of the over-the-counter and prescription drugs without risk to the baby but certain medications, including some painkillers and some psychiatric drugs, may pose a risk.
The US National Library of Medicine publishes "LactMed", the latest online information database on drugs and lactation. Intended for health practitioners and nursing mothers, LactMed contains over 450 drug records with information such as potential drug effects and alternative medicines to consider.
Some substances in mother's food and drink are given to infants through breast milk, including mercury (found in some carnivorous fish), caffeine, and bisphenol A.
Medical condition
Undiagnosed maternal celiac disease may result in short duration of breastfeeding period. Treatment with a gluten-free diet can increase the duration and return it to the average value of a healthy woman.
Mothers with all types of diabetes mellitus usually use insulin to control their blood sugar, because the safety of other antidiabetic drugs while breastfeeding is unknown.
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome, who are associated with some hormonal and obesity differences, may have greater difficulty with producing sufficient supplies to support exclusive breastfeeding, especially during the first few weeks.
Socioeconomic status
Race, ethnicity and socioeconomic status affect choice and duration in the United States. A 2011 study found that on average, breastfeeding US women had higher, older, and more white-skinned education.
Breast-feeding rates in the African-American community remain much lower than other races, for various reasons. These include a wet nursing heritage during slavery, as well as systemic racism in the American health care system that does not offer sufficient support to African-American breastfeeding mothers. As for other races such as socioeconomic class, raising breastfeeding rates is also increasing, for African Americans breastfeeding rates remain consistently low regardless of socioeconomic class. In the African-American community, social stigma exists because of breastfeeding associations with a wet nursing heritage during slavery. Because the benefits are well documented for infants and mothers, many blactavists - Black Lactation Activists, such as Kimberly Seals Allers advocate and support breastfeeding in African-American communities.
There are also racial differences in access to maternal care practices that support breastfeeding. In the US, especially the African-American environment is more likely to have facilities (such as hospitals and women's health clinics) that do not support breastfeeding, contributing to the low rates of breastfeeding in the African-American community. Comparing facilities in mainly African American environments for people in the White environment especially, the level of practice that supports or prevents breastfeeding are: limited use of supplements (13.1% compared to 25.8%) and room-in (27.7-39 , 4%)
Low-income mothers are more likely to have unwanted pregnancies. Mothers with unintentional pregnancies are less likely to breastfeed.
Social acceptance
Some women feel uncomfortable while breastfeeding in public. Breastfeeding is prohibited in some places, not handled by law in other countries, and legal rights for others. Even given legal rights, some women are reluctant to breastfeed, while others may object to the practice.
The use of infant formula is considered a way for western culture to adapt to the negative perception of breastfeeding. Breast pumps offer a way for mothers to supply breast milk with most of the convenience of formula feeding and without stopping breast-feeding. Some people may resist breastfeeding because of an implicit relationship between infant feeding and sex. This negative cultural connotation can reduce the duration of breastfeeding. Mother's guilt and shame are often influenced by how the mother feeds her baby. This emotion occurs in breastfeeding mothers and nursing mothers, although for different reasons. Breastfeeding mothers may feel that they should breastfeed. In contrast, breastfeeding mothers may feel compelled to eat in an uncomfortable state. Some people may see breastfeeding as, "indecent, disgusting, animalistic, sexual, and possibly even evil." Advocates (known by neologism "lactivists") use "nurse-ins" to show support for breastfeeding in public. Some advocates emphasize giving women education about the benefits of breastfeeding and problem-solving skills.
Prevalence
Globally about 38% of babies only breastfeed during the first six months of their lives. In the United States in 2012, 75% of women start breast-feeding, 43% breastfeed for six months despite only 13% exclusive breastfeeding, and 23% breastfeeding for twelve months. In the United States, African-American women have too low breastfeeding rates compared to white and Hispanic women. 58.1% of African-American women breast-feed in the early postpartum period, compared with 77.7% of white women and 80.6% of Hispanic women.
Breastfeeding rates in various parts of China vary widely.
Breastfeeding rates in the UK are the lowest in the world by 2015 with only 0.5% of mothers still breastfeeding in a year, while in Germany 23% do so, 56% in Brazil and 99% in Senegal.
In Australia for children born in 2004, over 90% were initially breastfed. In Canada for children born in 2005-06, more than 50% were breastfed and more than 15% received breast milk and other fluids, at 3 months of age.
History
In the kingdom of Egypt, Greece and Rome, women usually only feed their own children. However, breastfeeding began to be seen as something too common for the royal family to do, and the wet nurses were employed to breastfeed the children of the royal family. This is extended over time, especially in Western Europe, where noble women often make use of wet nurses. Lower class women breast-feed their babies and use wet nurses only if they can not feed their own baby. Efforts were made in 15th century Europe to use cow's milk or goats, but these efforts did not work. In the 18th century, flour or cereal mixed with broth was introduced as a substitute for breastfeeding, but this provided inadequate nutrition. The emergence of improved infant formulas in the mid-nineteenth century and increased use led to a decrease in breastfeeding rates, which accelerated after World War II, and for some in the US, Canada, and England, breast-feeding became uncultured. From 1960 onwards, breastfeeding experienced a revival that continued into the 2000s, although negative attitudes toward practice remained in place in some countries until the 1990s.
Society and culture
Language
In languages ​​around the world, the word for "mom" is something like "mama". Linguist Roman Jakobson hypothesizes that the sound of the nose in "mama" comes from the murmur of the baby's nose during nursing.
Dairy cattle
In some cultures, people who have been breastfed by the same women are dairy brothers who have a legal and social standing equal to siblings. Islam has a complicated system of rules about this, known as Rada (fiqh) . Like the practice of Christian baptism, kinship forms the second family that can be held accountable for a child whose natural parent is victimized. "The familial equation in Islam thus appears as distinctive culture, but it does not mean the unique institutional form of adoptive kinship.
Financial considerations
Breastfeeding is cheaper than alternatives, but mothers generally have to eat more than they should. In the US, the extra money spent on food (about US $ 14 per week) is usually about half the sum of money as the cost of formula milk.
Breastfeeding is an opportunity cost. This is the cost of mothers having to spend hours each day breastfeeding instead of other activities, such as paid work or home production (such as growing food). In general, the higher the maternal income power, the less likely it is to save money by breastfeeding.
Breastfeeding reduces the cost of health care and sick infant care costs. Breast-feeding parents are less likely to work and lose money because their babies are sick. Looking at the three most common infant diseases, lower respiratory disease, otitis media, and gastrointestinal diseases, one study compared infants who had been exclusively breastfed for at least three months for those who did not. It was found that in the first year of life there were 2033 excessive office visits, 212 days of excess hospitalization, and 609 excess prescriptions for these three illnesses per 1000 babies who never got breast milk compared to 1000 exclusively breastfed babies for at least 3 months.
Advocacy
There is also controversy and ethical consideration around the ways used by public campaigns that seek to increase breastfeeding rates, which are related to pressure on women, and the potential for guilt and shame of women who fail to breast-feed; and women's social condemnation using formulas. In addition, there are also moral questions such as what state or medical community can interfere with a woman's self-determination: for example in United Arab Emirates the law requires a woman to breastfeed her baby for at least 2 years and allow her husband to sue her if she does not.
Social marketing
Social marketing is a marketing approach intended to change people's behavior to benefit both individuals and society. When applied to breastfeeding promotions, social marketing serves to provide positive messages and breastfeeding images to increase visibility. Social marketing in the context of breastfeeding has shown efficacy in media campaigns. Some oppose the marketing of infant formula, especially in developing countries. They worry that mothers who use formula will stop breastfeeding and become dependent on an inaccessible or less secure substitute. Through efforts including the NestlÃÆ'Â © boycott, they have advocated for prohibiting free samples of formula milk and for the adoption of pro-breasting codes such as the International Code of Marketing of Breast-Replacement by the World Health Assembly in 1981 and Innocenti Declaration by WHO policymakers and UNICEF in August 1990 In addition, formula companies have spent millions of international campaigns promoting the use of formulas as an alternative to breast milk.
Baby's Initiative
The Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative is a program launched by WHO together with UNICEF to promote infant feeding and mother bonding through certified hospitals and delivery centers. BFHI was developed in response to the influence held by the formula companies in private and public health care mothers. This initiative has two main principles: Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeeding and International Code of Substitute Marketing. These methods are intended to reduce adverse breastfeeding practices such as early mixed feeding, pacifier use, and maternal and child separation in clinical settings. BFHI has specifically targeted hospitals and birth centers in developing countries, as these facilities are at greatest risk to the detrimental effects of decreased breastfeeding rates. Currently, 468 hospitals in the United States hold the title of "Baby Friendly" in all 50 states. Globally, there are more than 20,000 "Baby Friendly" hospitals worldwide in over 150 countries.
The study also showed a positive correlation of breastfeeding with an increase in professional education of care providers. 86% of Americans rely on professional health care providers such as doctors, midwives, and nurses for medical advice and recommendations. The classes are then offered in group and individual settings as "low intensity interventions" directed by trained medical professionals. Research conducted at major health institutions in Massachusetts has shown a statistically significant increase in breastfeeding rates for mothers participating in breastfeeding and breastfeeding training.
Representation on television
The first depiction of breastfeeding on television was in a children's program, Sesame Street, in 1977. With a few exceptions since then breastfeeding on television has been described as strange, disgusting, or a source of comedy, or has been completely eliminated in favor of bottle feeding.
Research
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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