Purim ( ; Hebrew: ???????? ? Ã, PÃÆ' Â »rÃÆ'®m " lots ", from the word ??? ? pur , associated with Akkadian: p> ru ) is a Jewish feast that commemorates the rescue of the Jews from Haman, who planned to kill all the Jews. This happened in the ancient Achaemenid Persian Empire. This story is recorded in the Book of Esther ( ??????? ? Megillat Esther in Hebrew).
According to the Book of Esther, Haman, the royal vizier to King Ahasuerus/Achashverosh (who allegedly became Xerxes I or Artaxerxes I of Persia, "Khshayarsha" and "Artakhsher" in Old Persian) planned to kill all the Jews in the empire, but his plan was thwarted by Mordecai and his cousin and adopted daughter, Esther, who had risen to Queen of Persia. Liberation day is a feast day and a joy.
Based on the conclusion of Scroll Esther: "[...] that they should make them feast days and joys, and send one part to another, and gifts to the poor," Purim is celebrated among the Jews by:
- Exchange reciprocal gifts from food and drink known as mishloach manot
- Contribute charities to a poor person known as mattanot la-evyonim
- Eat a festive meal known as Purim se
- Public reading ("read megillah") from Esther's Roll, known as the kriat ha-megillah , usually in the synagogue
- An additional reading, known as Al HaNissim , for daily prayer and grace after eating
Other habits include drinking wine or other alcoholic beverages, wearing masks and costumes, and a general celebration.
Purim is celebrated each year according to the Hebrew calendar on the 14th day of the month of Hebrew Adar (and at Adar II in the years of Hebrew leap that occurs every two to three years), the day after the Jews' victory over their enemies. In towns protected by surrounding walls during Biblical times Joshua, Purim was otherwise celebrated on the 15th of the month of Adar on what is known as Shushan Purim , for fighting in the walled city of Shushan continued until the 14th day Adar. Today, only Jerusalem and some other cities celebrate Purim on the 15th of Adar.
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Narasi Purim
The Book of Esther begins with a six-month (180-day) drinking party given by King Ahasuerus to Persian and Medea soldiers and civil servants and princes in 127 provinces of his kingdom, ending with a seven day drinking feast. for the residents of Shushan (Susa), rich and poor, and separate drinking parties for women organized by Queen Vashti in the royal courtyard pavilion.
At this party Ahasuerus was completely drunk, and at the urging of his nobles, ordered his wife Vasti to display his beauty in the presence of the nobles and the inhabitants, wearing the crown of his kingdom (the Rabbis of the Oral Torah understood this that he wanted him to merely be wearing his crown, meaning he'll be naked, something he wants to do, but because of his skin condition he refuses to do it). His refusal asked Ahasuerus to remove him from his post. Ahasuerus then orders all young women to be presented to him, so he can choose a new queen to replace Vasti. One of them was Esther, who was an orphan at a young age and nurtured by his cousin Mordecai. Some rabbinical commentators claim that he was actually Mordecai's wife, because the Torah allowed an uncle to marry his niece. He found good in the king's eyes, and made his new wife. Esther did not reveal her origins and that she was Jewish.
Shortly thereafter, Mordecai discovered a plot by two Bigthan and Teresh guards of the castle to assassinate Ahasuerus. They were arrested and suspended, and Mordecai's service to the king was recorded in the court diary.
Ahasuerus pointed to Haman as his young king. Mordecai, who sat at the palace gate, fell into Haman's displeasure when he refused to bow down to him. After discovering that Mordecai was a Jew, Haman planned to kill not only Mordecai but the entire Jewish minority in the empire. Obtaining Ahasuerus's permission and funds to implement this plan, he gave many ("purim") to choose a date to do this - the thirteenth of the month of Adar. When Mordecai learned about the plan, he wore sackcloth and ashes, a sign of mourning, weeping publicly and lamenting, and many other Jews in Shushan and other parts of the Ahasuerus empire did the same, with widespread regret and fasting. Esther discovered what had happened; there following the exchange of messages between him and Mordecai, with Hatach, one of the court maids, as an intermediary. Mordecai requested that he intercede with the king on behalf of the Jews who fought; he replied that no one was allowed to approach the king, under the threat of capital punishment. Mordecai warned him that he would not be safer in the palace than any other Jew, saying that if he remained silent, the salvation of the Jews would come from some other place but "you and your father's house would perish," and show that he was elevated to a position queen to help in such an emergency. Esther has a change of heart, saying she will fast and pray for three days and then will approach the king to seek her help, even though the law opposes it, and "if I die, I perish." He also requested that Mordecai tell all Shushan Jews to fast and pray for three days with him. On the third day, he sought an audience with Ahasuerus, where he invited him to a party at Haman's company. During the party, he asked them to attend a party further the next night. Meanwhile, Haman is again offended by Mordecai's refusal to submit to him; Filled with his wife, Zeresh and unknown friends, he built a gallows for Mordecai, intending to hang him there the next day.
That night, Ahasuerus suffered from insomnia, and when the court records were read to him to help him sleep, he learned of the services provided by Mordecai in the previous plot against his life. Ahasuerus asks if there is anything done for Mordecai and is told that he did not receive recognition for saving the life of the king. Just then, Haman appears, and King Ahasuerus asks him what to do for the man whom the king wants to honor. Thinking that the king was referring to Haman himself, Haman said that honors should wear the king's royal robes and lead around on the king's kingdoms. For Haman's horror, the king instructed Haman to pay tribute to Mordecai.
Later that night, Ahasuerus and Haman attended Esther's second banquet, where he revealed that he was a Jew and that Haman planned to annihilate his people, which included him. Ahasuerus became angry and instead ordered Haman to be hung on the gallows that he prepared for Mordecai. The previous decision on the Jews could not be annulled, so the King allowed Mordecai and Esther to write another letter as they pleased. They decided that the Jews might preemptively kill the thought to pose a deadly risk. As a result, at 13 Adar, five hundred assailants and ten Haman sons were killed in Shushan. Throughout the empire, 75,000 enemies of the Jews were killed. On the 14th, another 300 were killed in Shushan. No booty taken.
Mordecai took second place in the rankings to Ahasuerus, and instituted the annual anniversary of the sending of Jews from extermination.
Maps Purim
Historical view
Traditional historians
Berossus (early 3rd century BC) provided a context for the account in which he recorded the introduction of an Anahita idol under Artaxerxes II Mnemon throughout the Persian Empire.
The first century CE historian Josephus narrates Purim's origins in Book 11 of his Antiquities of the Jews. He follows the Hebrew Book of Esther but shows awareness of some additional material found in the Greek version (Septuagint) because he also identifies Ahasuerus as Artaxerxes and provides the king's text. He also provided additional information about the relics of events relative to Ezra and Nehemiah. Josephus also records the persecution of the Jews against Persia and mentions the Jews were forced to worship at the temples of Persia that were established.
The Josippon, a compilation of Jewish history of the 10th century of Jewish history, includes an explanation of Purim's origins in chapter 4. It also follows the original biblical story and includes additional traditions that match those found in the Greek and Josephus versions (whom the author claims to be source) with the exception of the details of the letters found in recent works. It also provides other contextual information relating to Jewish and Persian history such as the identification of Darius the Mede as uncle and father-in-law of Cyrus.
A short note on Persia events was given by Islamic historian Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari in his book The History of the Prophets and Kings (completed in 915 AD). Basing his account on Jewish and Christian sources, al-Tabari provides additional details such as the original Persian "Asturia" form for "Esther". He placed events during the reign of Ardashir Bahman (Artaxerxes II), but confounded him with Ardashir al-Tawil al-Ba (Artaxerxes I), while assuming Ahasuerus as the name of a leader. Other short Persian accounts are recorded by Masudi at The Meadows of Gold (completed 947 CE). He refers to a Jew who married the King of Persia Bahman (Artaxerxes II), and escorted his people, thus strengthening the identification of Ahasuerus. She also mentions her daughter, Khumay, who is unknown in the Jewish tradition but is well remembered in the Persian folklore. Al-Tabari called him Khumani and told how his father (Ardashir Bahman) married her. Ferdowsi in his book Shahnameh (about 1000 M) also tells about Raja Bahman who married Khumay.
Nineteenth-century biblical interpretations generally identify Ahasuerus with Xerxes I of Persia.
Biblical minimalist look
Biblical Minimalists argue that Purim actually has no historical basis. Amnon Netzer and Shaul Shaked argue that the names "Mordecai" and "Esther" are similar to the names of Babylonian god Marduk and Ishtar. Scholar W.S. McCullough, Muhammad Dandamayev, and Shaul Shaked say that Esther's Book (apart from its accurate details of the Achaemenid court) is historical fiction. Ama © lied Kuhrt said the Book of Esther was arranged in the Hellenistic period and it shows Persian court perspectives synonymous with classical Greek books. Shaul Shaked says the date of the composition of the book is unknown, but most probably not much after the fall of the Achaemenid kingdom, during the Parthian period, perhaps in the third or second century BC McCullough also pointed out that Herodotus recorded the name of queen Xerxes as Amestris (daughter of Otanes) and not as Esther. Scholars Albert I. Baumgarten and S. David Sperling and R.J. Littman said that, according to Herodotus, Xerxes could only marry the daughter of one of his six allies Darius I.
Biblical and rabbinic sources
The main source related to the Purim's origins is the Book of Esther, which became the last of the 24 books of the Hebrew Bible to be censored by the Wise Men from the Great Assembly. It was dated 4th century BC and according to the Talmud was editorial by the General Assembly of the original text by Mordechai.
The Tractate Megillah in the Mishnah (edited c. 200 CE) records the law relating to Purim. The accompanying Tosefta (edited in the same period) and Gemara (in Jerusalem and Babylonian Talmud were passed respectively around 400 CE and 600 AD) noted additional contextual details such as Queen Vasti who had been the daughter of Belshazzar and the details that were in line with Josephus' like Esther who came from the royal lineage. Esther's brief mention was made at Tractate Hullin (Bavli Hullin 139b) and the idol worship associated with Haman's worship was discussed in the Tractate
The work of Esther Rabbah is a Midrashic text that is divided into two parts. The first part is dated c. 500 CE provides exegetical commentary on the first two chapters of the Book of Hebrews Esther and provides the source material for the Targum Sheni . The second part may have been edited at the end of the eleventh century and contains commentary on subsequent chapters of Esther. It also contains additional contextual material found in Josippon (Jewish historical records from Adam to Titus's age believed to have been written by Josippon or Joseph ben Gorion).
Observances
Purim has more national character than religion, and its status as a holiday is at a different level than the days ordained by the Torah. Hallel is not read. Thus, business transactions and even manual work are allowed in Purim. The special prayer (" Al ha-Nissim " - "For Miracles") is included in the Amidah prayer during the night, morning and evening, and also included in Birkat Hamazon (Grace after Meals. ")
The four main mitzvot (obligations) that day were:
- Listen to general readings, usually in the synagogue, the Book of Esther at night and again the next morning ( k'riat megillah )
- Send food gifts to friends ( mishloach manot )
- Give charity to the poor ( la'evionim matanot )
- Eat lively meals ( se mudvah )
The last three obligations are valid only during Purim's daytime hours.
Read Megillah
The first ordained religious ceremony to celebrate Purim is the reading of the Book of Esther ("Megillah") in the synagogue, a rule mentioned in the Talmud (Megillah 2a) to the Wise Man of the Supreme Council, which Mordecai is reported to have become a member. Initially this application was for 14 Adar only; then, however, Rabbi Joshua ben Levi (3rd century AD) determined that Megillah should also be read on Purim's night. Furthermore, he required women to attend Megillah's readings, as women were also part of the miracle. Commentary offers two approaches to the role of women in miracles. The first is that a woman, Queen Esther, through whom the miraculous release of the Jews has been accomplished (Rashbam). The second is that women are also threatened by genocide decisions and therefore the same miracle beneficiaries (Tosafot).
In the Misnah, the reading of prayers on the reading of Megillah is not yet universally recognized. However, the Talmud, the later work, establishes three prayers before reading and one blessing after the reading. Talmud added another provision. For example, the reader should pronounce the names of ten sons of Haman in one breath, to show their deaths simultaneously. An additional habit that probably began in the Middle Ages was that the congregation read aloud with readers of the verses of Esther 2: 5, Esther 8: 15-16, and Esther 10: 3, connecting the origin of Mordecai and his triumph.
Megillah is read with a cantillation which is different from the one used in customary Torah reading. In addition to the traditional cantillation, there are several sentences or short phrases in Megillah singled in different songs, a traditional rebound for the reading of the Lament book. These verses are very sad, or they refer to the Jews who are in exile. When Megillah's readers jumped into the melody of the Ratapan book for these sentences, it increased the sad feelings in the listener.
In some places, Megillah is not spoken, but reads like letters, because the name iggeret ("letter"), applied to the Book of Esther. It has been a habit since the early days of the Middle Ages of Geonim to release all Megillah before reading it, to give it a letter. According to halakha (Jewish law), Megillah can be read in any language understood by the audience.
According to Mishnah (Megillah 30b), & gt; & lt; refExodus 17: 8-16 & lt;/ref & gt; the story of the attack on Jews by Amalek, the ancestor of Haman, should also be read.
Blessings before Megillah read
Before reading Megillah in Purim, both at night and again in the morning, readers of Megillah recite the following three blessings and at the end of each blessing, the congregation responds by answering "Amen" after each blessing. At the morning reading at Megillah, the congregation must remember that the third blessing applies to other celebrations of the day as well as the reading of Megillah:
Blessing and recitation after Megillah read
After reading Megillah, every member of the congregation who had heard the reading uttered the following blessings. This blessing is not read unless minyan is present for Megillah's reading:
After evening, Megillah read the following two paragraphs that were read:
The first is an acrostic poem that starts with every letter in the Hebrew alphabet, beginning with "Who rejects (... ????) the advice of the nations and invalidates the cunning advice.When a wicked man stands up against we (... ???????), a naughty branch of the Amalek offspring... "and ended up with" The Rose of Jacob (???? ????) was cheerful and happy, when they were together see Mordechai cloaked in royal blue color You have become eternal salvation, and their expectations from generation to generation. "
The second was read out at night, but after the morning Megillah read only this which was read:
The roses of Jacob were cheerful and happy, as they together saw Mordechai cloaked in royal blue. You have become their eternal salvation, and their hope from generation to generation.
At night and in the morning:
Female and Megillah reading
Women have an obligation to hear Megillah because "they are also involved in that miracle." Most Orthodox communities, including the Modern Orthodox, however, generally do not allow women to lead the reading of Megillah except in rare circumstances because of the idea of ​​"Kavod HaTzibbur" ("respect for the community"). The rabbinic authorities who argue that women should not read Megillah for themselves, because of the uncertainty about which blessing they should say after reading, but agree that they have an obligation to hear it read. According to these authorities if women, or men in this case, are unable to attend services in the synagogue, Megillah should be read to them personally by men over the age of thirteen. Often in Orthodox communities there are special public readings only for women, conducted in private homes or in synagogues, but Megillah is read by a man.
Some modern Orthodox leaders have stated that women can serve as public readers of Megillah. The reading of the megillah of women has become increasingly common in modern liberal Orthodox Judaism, although women can only read for other women, according to Ashkenazi officials.
Filtering the name of Haman
When Haman's name was recited during Megaweh's general singing in the synagogue, which happened 54 times, the congregation was involved in the making of the voice to remove his name. This practice can be traced back to Tosafists (the 13th century French and German rabbis). In accordance with the interior of Midrash, where the verse "Thou should abolish the memory of Amalek" is described to mean "even of wood and stone." A custom developed to write the name of Haman, the descendant of Amalek, with two fine stones, and knock them together until the name was wiped out. Some wrote Haman's name on their shoe soles, and on the mention of names stamped with their feet as a sign of humiliation. Another method is to use a noisy ratchet, called ra'ashan (from Hebrew ra-ash , which means "noise") and in Yiddish a grager . Some rabbis protest the rigors of these shocking excesses, remembering them as a disturbance of public worship, but the habit of using ratchet in the synagogue of Purim is now universal, with the exception of the Spanish and Portuguese Jews who consider it a violation of modesty..
Gifts and food charities
The Book of Esther arranges "sending one part to another, and a gift to the poor". According to halakha, every adult should give two different foods to one person, and two charitable contributions to two poor people. The food package is called mishloach manot ("shipping section"), and in some quarters the habit has evolved into a big gift-giving event.
To fulfill the mitzvah to give alms to two poor people, one can provide food or money equivalent to the amount of food eaten in ordinary foods. Better to spend more for charity than to give mishloach manot . In the synagogue, regular charity collections are made at festivals and money is distributed to the needy. No distinction is made between the poor; anyone who is willing to accept a charity is allowed to participate. It is an obligation for the poorest Jews, even those who depend on charity, to be given to other poor people.
Purim meal (se'udah) and drinking
On the Day of Purim, a banquet called Se`udat Purim was held. Fasting for non-medical reasons is prohibited in Purim.
There was an old habit of drinking wine at the party. The custom comes from a statement in the Talmud attributed to a rabbi named Rava who says one must drink to Purim until he can "no longer distinguish between the Hamanite ('Cursed Haman') and baruch Mordechai ('Blessed is Mordecai'). "Drinking wine is very prominent according to the cheerful nature of the party, but also helps simulate the experience of spiritual blindness, where one can not distinguish between good (Mordecai) and evil (Haman). This is based on the fact that the salvation of the Jews takes place through wine. Alcoholic consumption was then codified by the early authorities, and while some advocated total poisoning, others, consistent with the opinions of many early and later rabbis, taught that one should only drink a little more than usual and then fall asleep, one would not be able to distinguish between < i> Haman's arc (" cursed is Haman") and newch Mordecai ("blessed > to Mordechai"). Other authorities, including Magen Avraham , have written that one should drink until one can not calculate gematria (the numerical value) of the two phrases.
Fasts
The Fast of Esther, observed before Purim, on the 13th of Adar, is the original part of the Purim celebration, mentioned in Esther 9: 31-32. The first person to mention Fast of Esther was Rabbi Achai Gaon (Acha of Shabcha) (8th century AD) in She'iltot 4; the reasons given for his agency are based on the interpretation of Esther 9:18, Esther 9:31 and Talmud Megillah 2a: "The 13th is the time of assembly", whose encounter is described also has the purpose of public prayer. and fasting. Some, however, were used to fast three days to commemorate Esther's fast; but because fasting is forbidden during the month of Nisan, the first and second Monday and Thursday after Purim is chosen. The 13th fast is still frequently observed; but when that date falls on the Sabbath, fasting is pushed forward to the previous Thursday, the Friday necessary to prepare for the Sabbath and the next Purim festival.
Customs
Greetings
It is common to greet each other in Purim in Hebrew Chag Purim Sameach, Freilichin Purim (in Yiddish) or â € Å"Purim Allegreâ € (in Ladino). Hebrew Speech is loosely translated into "Happy Purim Holiday" and Yiddish and Ladino translates to "Happy Purim". Masquerading
The habit of disguising themselves in costumes and wearing masks probably originated among Italian Jews by the end of the 15th century. The concept may have been influenced by the Roman carnival and spread throughout Europe. This practice was only introduced to the countries of the Middle East long after the 19th century. The first among the Jewish converts to mention the custom was Mahari Minz (w. 1508 in Venice). While most authorities are concerned about possible violations of biblical law is men to wear women's clothing, others allow all forms of masks, because it is seen as a cheerful form of making. Some non-orthodox rabbis go a long way to allow for the use of rabbati that is forbidden by rabies. shatnez .
Another reason given for the custom: It is a way of imitating God who "disguises" his presence behind the natural events described in the Purim story, and has remained hidden (unheard of) in Jewish history since the time of the destruction of the first Temple. Because charity is a key feature today, when givers and/or recipients disguising themselves this allows for greater anonymity thus maintaining the dignity of the recipient. Another reason to disguise is that it alludes to the hidden aspect of the Purim miracle, which is "disguised" by natural events but truly is the work of the Almighty.
Burning a Haman image
At the beginning of the fifth century, there was a habit of burning the statue of Haman in Purim. The show evoked the wrath of the early Christians who interpreted the mockery and "execution" of the Haman statue as a veiled attempt to reinstate Jesus' death and scorn the Christian faith. The prohibition was issued against the display under Flavius' reign Augustus Honorius (395-423) and Theodosius II (408-450). The habit was popular during the Geonic period (the ninth and tenth centuries), and a 14th century scholar described how people would rise through the streets of Provence holding fir branches and blowing trumpets around Haman's hanged and then burned. This practice continued into the 20th century, with children treating Haman as a kind of "Guy Fawkes." In the early 1950s, adat was still observed in Iran and some remote communities in Kurdistan where Muslim youths sometimes joined.
Purim spiel
A Purim spiel is historically a dramatic comic that seeks to tell the story of Purim. In the eighteenth century, in some parts of Eastern Europe, the Purim drama has evolved into a broad satire with music and dance whose story about Esther is just a bit of an excuse. Indeed, in the mid-19th century, some were even based on other biblical stories. Today, Purim's spark can revolve around anything related to Judaism and Judaism that will bring excitement and comic relief to the audience celebrating the day.
Carnival
The most memorable part of the holiday was the carnival. Purim in Israel is probably one of the most spectacular holidays in the world. Thousands of people took to the streets, showing off their costumes they made especially for the holidays. The costumes at Purim are specialized industries in Israel, and during this period the prices went up, meaning the Israelis were trying to buy their costumes in advance.
Songs
The songs associated with Purim are based on sources of Talmud, liturgical and cultural. The traditional Purim songs include the Mishenichnas Adar marbim be-simcha ("When the Hebrew month arrived, we had a lot of joy" - Mishnah Taanith 4: 1) and LaYehudim haitah orah ve- simchah ve-sasson ve-yakar ("Jews have light and joy, joy and respect" - Esther 8:16). The Shoshanat Yaakov prayer was sung at the end of Megillah's reading. A number of children's songs (with non-liturgical sources) also exist: Before An Evil Evil , Ani Purim , Traditional food
In Purim, the Ashkenazi Jews eat triangular pastries called hamantaschen ("Haman pouch") or oznei Haman ("Haman's ear"). The sweet cake dough is rolled, cut into a circle, and is traditionally filled with a poppy seed filling; This is then wrapped into triangular shapes by filling either the hidden or the show. Recently, plums, dates, apricots, apples, and chocolate contents have been introduced. Among Sephardi Jews, a fried pie called fazuelos is eaten, as well as various pastries called Orejas de Haman (Haman's Ears) or Hojuelas de Haman. This dry cake is also known as Oznei Haman .
Seeds and nuts are usually eaten in Purim, as the Talmud recounts that Queen Esther only eats this meal at Ahasuerus court, as she has no access to halal food.
Kreplach, a kind of dumplings filled with cooked meat, chicken or liver and served in a soup, traditionally served by Ashkenazi Jews in Purim. The "hiding" of the meat in dumplings serves as another reminder of the story of Esther which is told in the only book of the Hebrew Scriptures other than The Song of Songs which contains no single reference to God, which seems to hide behind the scenes.
Arany galuska, desserts consisting of fried dough balls and vanilla pudding, traditionally for Jews from Hungary and Romania, as well as their offspring.
In the Middle Ages, European Jews would eat nilish, a blint or waffle.
Specialty bread is baked among the various communities. In the Moroccan Jewish community, Purim bread called Ojos de Haman ("Haman's eye") is sometimes roasted in the shape of Haman's head, and eyes, made of eggs, are taken to denote the destruction of Haman.
Among the Polish Jews, the koilitch, the Purim challah raisins are roasted with long twisting rings and above them with colorful little candies, intended to evoke the colorful nature of the holiday.
Iranian Jews
The Jews of Iran and the Jews regard themselves as the descendants of Ester. In Purim, the Iranian Jews visited the tombs of Esther and Mordecai in Hamadan. Some women prayed there with the conviction that Esther could do miracles.
In Jerusalem
Shushan Purim
Shushan Purim falls on Adar 15 and is the day on which the Jews in Jerusalem celebrate Purim. That day is also universally observed by ignoring Tachanun prayer and having more complicated food than on a typical day.
Purim is celebrated on Adar 14 because the Jews in unused cities are fighting against their enemies on Adar 13 and resting the next day. However, in Shushan, the capital of the Persian Empire, the Jews were involved in defeating their enemies in Adar 13-14 and resting on the 15th (Esther 9: 20-22). To commemorate this, it was decided that while victory would be universally celebrated on Adar 14, for Jews living in Shushan, holidays would be held at Adar 15. Then, in honor of Jerusalem, the sages decided that Purim would be celebrated at Adar 15 in all the cities that had been closed by the wall at the time of Joshua's conquest of the Land of Israel. This criterion allowed the city of Jerusalem to defend its interests for the Jews, and although Shushan did not have a wall at the time of Joshua, it made an exception since the miracle took place there.
Today, there is a debate over whether the remote Jerusalem environment is obliged to observe Purim on the 14th or 15th of Adar. Further doubt has arisen, whether other cities are quite walled in the Joshua era. Therefore customs in certain cities include Hebron, Safed, Tiberias, Acre, Ashdod, Ashkelon, Beersheva, Beit She'an, Beit Shemesh, Gaza, Gush Halav, Haifa, Jaffa, Lod, Ramlah and Shechem to celebrate Purim on dated 14 and held an additional reading of megillah on the 15th without blessing. In the diaspora, the Jews in Baghdad, Damascus, Prague and elsewhere celebrated Purim on the 14th and held an additional reading of the megillah on the 15th without blessing. Because today we are not sure where the walled cities of Joshua's time are, the only city that currently only celebrates Shushan Purim is Jerusalem; However, Rabbi Yoel Elizur has written that the residents of Bet El and Mevo Choron should observe only the 15th, like Jerusalem.
Outside of Jerusalem, Hasid Jews wore their holiday clothes in Shushan Purim, and probably attended the show , , and even provided mishloach manot , but this was not a religious obligation, but only a customs.
Purim Meshulash
Purim Meshulash, or threefold Purim, was a rather rare calendric occurrence that affected how Purim was observed in Jerusalem (and, at least in theory, in other cities surrounded by walls in ancient times). When Shushan Purim (Adar 15) falls on the Sabbath, the holiday is celebrated for three days. The reading and distribution of the megilla charity occurred on Friday (Adar 14), which was called Purim dePrazos that day. The prayer Al-ha-Nissim is only recited on the Sabbath (Adar 15), which is Purim himself. The Torah section for Purim is read for maftir, while haftarah is the same as reading the previous Shabbat, Parshat Zachor. On Sunday (Adar 16), called Purim Meshullash, the mishloach manot is sent and Eat Purim is held. The minimum interval between the Purim Meshulash events is three years (1974 to 1977, 2005 to 2008, will occur again 2045 to 2048). The maximum interval is 20 years (1954 to 1974; it will happen again from 2025 to 2045). Another possible interval is four years (1977-1981, 2001 to 2005, will occur again from 2021 to 2025); seven years (1994 to 2001, will occur again 2123 to 2130); 13 years (1981 to 1994, 2008 to 2021, there will be another 2130 to 2143); and 17 years (1930 to 1947, 2275 to 2292).
Purims More
Purim Katan
During the leap year in the Hebrew calendar, Purim is celebrated in the second month of Adar. (The Karaite, however, celebrated it in the first month of Adar.) The 14th of the first Adar were later called Purim Katan ("Little Purim" in Hebrew) and the fifteenth was Shushan Purim Katan , which has no provisions set but has a small holiday aspect to it. The difference between the first and second Purim in the leap year is mentioned in the Misnah. Certain prayers such as Tachanun, Keil Erech Apayim (when 15 Adar I is Monday or Thursday) and Lam'nazteach (Psalm 20) were omitted during worship. When my 15th Adar was in Shabbat, "Av Harachamim" was omitted. When the 13th or 15th Adar I fell on Shabbat, "Tzidkas'cha" was omitted in Mincha. Fasting is forbidden.
Purpose Communal and kinship
Historically, many Jewish communities throughout the world established local "Purims" to commemorate their release from disasters or rulers or anti-Semitic decrees. One of the most famous is Purim Vinz , traditionally celebrated in Frankfurt one week after the usual Purim. Purim Vinz commemorated the Fettmilch rebellion (1616-1620), in which one Vincenz Fettmilch attempted to annihilate the Jewish community. According to some sources, influential Rabbi Moses Sofer ( Chasam Sofer ), born in Frankfurt, celebrates Purim Vintz every year, even as he serves as a rabbi in Pressburg.
Rabbi Yom-Tov Lipmann Heller (1579-1654) of KrakÃÆ'³w, Poland, requested that his family to celebrate Purim personally, marking the end of many problems, including facing false accusations. Since Purim was preceded by the day of fasting, the rabbi also directed his offspring to have a (personal) day, the fifth day of Tamuz, marking one of his imprisonments (1629), which lasted for 40 days.
The Jewish community of Hebron has celebrated two historic Purism, both from the Ottoman period. One of them is called Window Purim, or Purim Taka, where the community is saved when a mysterious bunch of money appears in the window, allowing them to pay the extortion fee to the Ottoman Pasha. Many records date to the 14th of the month, which corresponds to Purim's date on 14 Adar. The other is called The Purim of Ibrahim Pasha, where people are saved during battle.
Other historic Purim celebrations in Jewish history have taken place in Yemen, Italy, Vilna and other locations.
In recent history
Adolf Hitler forbade and forbade the obedience of Purim. In a speech made on November 10, 1938 (the day after Kristallnacht), Julius Streicher guessed that just as "Jews massacred 75,000 Persians" in one night, the same fate would befall the Germans if the Jews succeeded in inciting war. against Germany; "The Jews will institutionalize the new Purim festival in Germany".
Nazi attacks against Jews are often coordinated with Jewish festivals. In Purim 1942, ten Jews hanged in Zdu? Ska Wola to "retaliate" the hanging of ten of Haman's sons. In a similar incident in 1943, the Nazis shot ten Jews from the ghetto PiotrkÃÆ'³w. On the eve of Purim that same year, more than 100 Jewish doctors and their families were shot by the Nazis in Czstochowa. The next day, the Jewish doctors were taken from Radom and shot near him in Szyd? Owiec.
In the real relationship made by Hitler between the Nazi regime and Haman's role, Hitler declared in a speech made on January 30, 1944, that if the Nazis were defeated, the Jews could celebrate the "second Purim". Indeed, Julius Streicher sounds sarcastically commenting "Purimfest 1946" when he climbed into scaffold after Nuremberg. According to Rabbi Mordechai Neugroschel, there is a code in the Book of Esther located on the names of the 10 sons of Haman. The three Hebrew letters - a tav, shin and zayin - are written smaller than others, while vavs are written larger. The great Vav - which represents the number six - corresponds to the sixth millennium of the world since creation, which, according to Jewish tradition, is the period between 1240-2240 AD. As for tav, shin and zayin, their numerical values ​​add up to 707. If combined, - this letter refers to the Jewish year 5707, which corresponds to secular 1946-1947. In his research, Neugroschel noticed that ten Nazi defendants in the Nuremberg Trials were executed on October 16, 1946, which is the date of the final judgment day of Judaism, the Hoshana Rabbah. In addition, Hermann GÃÆ'¶ring, an eleventh Nazi official who was sentenced to death, committed suicide, parallel to Haman's daughter in Talmud Megillah 16a.
There is a story in the Hasidic Chabad movement that supposedly Joseph Stalin died as a result of some metaphysical interference from Chabad's seventh leader, Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson, during the reading of a lecture at Purim Farbrengen public. Stalin was suddenly paralyzed on March 1, 1953, pursuant to Purim 1953, and died four days later. Because of Stalin's death, a national pogrom against Jews throughout the Soviet Union was avoided, as Stalin's famous doctor's plot was halted.
Murder Suicide Center Disengoff occurred on the night of Purim murder 13 on March 4, 1996.
The Patriarch slaughter cave occurred during Purim 1994.
In media
The 20th Century-Fox 20th Century-20th Century Movie starred Joan Collins as Esther and Richard Egan as Ahasuerus. It was filmed in Italy by director Raoul Walsh. The 2006 film One Night with the King tells the life of the young Jewish girl Hadassah, who later became the Biblical Esther, the Persian Empress, and saved the Jews from destruction in their hands. his arch-rivals when he won the heart of a very handsome King Xerxes.
The 2006 comedy film For Your Consideration uses a movie-in-the-film device where a fictitious movie is produced titled Home for Purim , and about the South Jew. Purim family celebration. However, once the film received an Oscar, the studio executives felt it was "too Jewish" and forced the film to be renamed Home for Thanksgiving.
See also
- Jewish Holiday
- Public holiday in Israel
- Jewish holidays 2000-2050
Extensions from festivals similar to Shushan Purim and Purim Katan
- Chol HaMoed, the middle days of Easter and Sukkot.
- Chag contents refer to the day after each of the Three Pilgrimage Festivals.
- Mimouna, a traditional North African Jewish celebration held the day after Passover.
- Pesach Sheni, exactly one month after 14 Nisan.
- Yom Kippur Katan is a practice observed by some Jews on the day before Rosh Chodesh or New Moon Day.
- Yom tov sheni shel refers to the extra day celebration of Jewish holidays abroad of Israel.
Persian (eat) Jew
- Persian Jews
- Judeo-Persian language
- The history of the Jews in Iran
- The history of Jews in Afghanistan
- Mountain Jews
- BukhÄra Jews
References
External links
- Aish HaTorah Purim Resources
- Chabad Purim Resources
- Yeshiva law, articles, and Q & amp; A about Purim
- Union for Reform Judaism Purim Resources
- United Synonyms of Conservative Judaism Purim Resources
- Ã, "Purim". New International Encyclopedia . 1905.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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