Muscogee , also known as Mvskoke , Creek and Muscogee Creek Confederacy , is a related Adat group of people from Southeastern Woodlands. Mvskoke ( English: ; Mvskoke [ MaskÃÆ'³: kÃÆ'®] ) is their autonym. Their native homeland is where it now consists of southern Tennessee, all of Alabama, western Georgia and parts of northern Florida.
Most of the indigenous people of Muscogee were forcibly displaced from their homeland in the 1830s during the Tear Trail into the Territory of India (now Oklahoma). Some Muscogees escaped from European encroachies in 1797 and 1804 to build two small tribal areas that continue to exist today in Louisiana and Texas. Another small branch of the Confederate Muscogee Creek managed to remain in Alabama and is now known as Poarch Band of Creek Indians.
The large population of Muscogees moved to Florida between about 1767 and 1821 and these people mated with local tribes to become Seminole people, thus forming a separate identity from Confederate Creek. Muscogee people in the wave of migration to Florida escape from conflict and encroachment by European settlers. The majority of Seminoles were also forcibly transferred to Oklahoma, where they live today, although the Seminole Florida and Miccosukee Tribes of the Florida Indians remain in Florida.
The languages ​​of each of these branches, bands and modern tribes, with the exception of one, are all closely related variants called Muscogee, Mvskoke and Hitchiti-Mikasuki, all of which belong to the Eastern Muskogean branch of the Muscogean language family. All of these languages, for the most part, are mutually understandable. The Yuchi people today are part of the Nation's Muscogee (Creek) but their Yuchi language is a linguistic isolate, unrelated to other languages.
Muscogee ancestors are part of the Mississippian Interaction Idea Sphere, which between 800 AD and 1600 AD builds complex cities and the surrounding satellite city (suburb) network centered around large mounds of land, some of which have a larger physical footprint than the Egyptian pyramids. Some populations of the city of Mississippian may be larger than later European colonial-American cities. Creeks Muscogee is linked to multi-mound centers such as Ocmulgee, Etowah Indian Mounds, and the Moundville site. The Mississippian community is based on organized farming, transcontinental trade, copper, craftsmen, hunting, and religion. Early Spanish explorers discovered the Muscogee ancestors when they visited the Mississippian cultural tribes in the Southeast in the mid-16th century.
Muscogee is the first Native American to be officially regarded by the early United States government for "civilized" under the plan of George Washington civilization. In the 19th century, Muscogee became known as one of the "Five Civilized Tribes," because they are said to have integrated many cultural and technological practices from their newer neighbors in Europe America. In fact, the municipal network controlled by Muscogee has been based on a history of at least 900 years on elaborate and well-organized agricultural and urban planning.
Influenced by Tenskwatawa's interpretation of the comet of 1811 and the New Madrid earthquake, Upper City Muscogee, backed by leader Shawnee Tecumseh, actively fought against the European-American encroachment. The internal split with the Lower Towns led to the Red Wand War (Creek War, 1813-1814). Beginning as a civil war within the Muscogee faction, he attacked Northern Creek Bands in the 1812 War against the United States while Southern Creeks remained a US ally. General Andrew Jackson then took the opportunity to use the rebellion as an excuse to fight against all the Muscogees after the northern Creek rebellion had been usurped with the help of the southern Creeks people. The result is the weakening of the Confederate Muscogee Creek and the forced submission of the Muscession lands to the United States.
During India's 1830s Removal, most Muscogee Confederacy were forcibly transferred to the Indian Territory. The Muscogee (Creek) Nation, Alabama-Quassarte Tribal Town, Kialegee Tribal Town, and Thlopthlocco Tribal Town, all based in Oklahoma, are federally recognized tribes, as are the Bands of Indians of Alabama, Coushatta Tribe of Louisiana, and the Alabama-Coushatta tribe from Texas. Seminole people today are part of the Seminole Nation of Oklahoma, Florida Seminole Tribe, and Miccosukee Tribe of Indian Florida.
Video Muscogee
Histori
Precontact
At least 12,000 years ago, Native Americans or Paleo-Indians live in what is now the southern United States. Paleo-Indians in the Southeast are hunter-gatherers pursuing various animals, including megafauna, which became extinct after the end of the Pleistocene. During the time known as the Woodland period, from 1000 BC to 1000 AD, local people developed small-scale pottery and horticulture from the Eastern Agricultural Complex.
The Mississippian culture emerged when the corn planting of Mesoamerica led to population growth. Increased population density raises urban centers and regional heads. The stratified society grew, with the hereditary religious and political elite, and developed in what is now Central, East and Southeast America from 800 to 1500 AD.
The earliest historical Muscogee is a descendant of the builders of the Mississippian cultural mound along the Tennessee River in modern Tennessee, Georgia, and Alabama. They may be in touch with Tama in central Georgia. The oral tradition inherited by the ancestors of the Meccans has alleged that their nation migrated east from the western places of the Mississippi River, eventually settling on the eastern edge of the Ocmulgee River. It was here that they waged war with other Indian Indian bands, such as Savannas, Ogeeches, Wapoos, Santees, Yamafees, Utinas, Icofans, Paticans and others, until finally they had destroyed them.
By the time the Spaniards made their first ascent in the interior of the Gulf of Mexico coast, many of the Mississippi political centers had suffered a setback, or were abandoned. This region is described as a collection of medium-sized indigenous chiefs (such as Coosa chiefdom in Coosa River) interspersed with autonomous villages and ethnic groups. The late Mississippian culture is what experienced the earliest Spanish explorers, beginning on April 2, 1513, with the landing of Juan Ponce de LeÃÆ'³n in Florida and the expedition of Lucas VÃÆ'¡zquez de AyllÃÆ'³n in South Carolina.
Precontact muscle has no concept of private ownership; everything is shared. Similarly, they do not have a structured government; decisions are made by consensus. Both of these things gradually disappeared, the first because Native Americans wanted goods to be sold by Europeans, such as muskets, or alcohol. They get money because Europeans will buy deer skin. The second is lost partly because the Spaniards press them to say who they can negotiate; government with unknown consensus in Europe at that time..
Spanish Spanish expedition (1540-1543)
After Cabeza de Vaca, a wasted survivor of the ill-fated NarvÃÆ'¡ez expedition, returned to Spain in 1537, he told the Court that Hernando de Soto said that America is "the richest country in the world". Hernando de Soto is a Spanish explorer and conquistador who led the first expedition into the interior of the North American continent. De Soto, convinced of "wealth", wants Cabeza de Vaca to go on an expedition, but de Vaca rejects his offer due to a payment dispute. From 1540 to 1543, de Soto was explored through Florida and Georgia now, and then westward into the Alabama and Mississippi regions. The areas are populated by Native American Muscogee peoples. De Soto brought with him a complete army. He attracted many recruits from different backgrounds who joined his quest for wealth in America. When de Soto expedition brutality was discovered by indigenous peoples, they decided to defend their territory. The Battle of Mabila was a turning point for de Soto's business; the battle "broke the back" of the Spanish campaign, and the expedition never fully recovered.
Rise of the Muscogee Confederacy
De Soto's expeditions, especially the new infectious diseases brought by Europeans, led to a high mortality rate among indigenous peoples. This loss was exacerbated by the growing slave trade of India in the Southeast during the 17th and 18th centuries. When survivors and their descendants rejoined, Muscogee or Creek Confederacy emerged, which was a loose alliance of Muskogee-speaking societies.
Muscogees live in autonomous villages in river valleys in Tennessee, Georgia, and Alabama, speaking several Muskogean languages. Hitchiti is the most widely used in Georgia today; The Hitchiti speakers were the first to be replaced by white settlers, and the language became extinct.
Muskogee is pronounced from Chattahoochee to the Alabama River. Koasati (Coushatta) and Alibamu are spoken in the upper Alabama River valley and along part of the Tennessee River. Muscogee is a confederation of tribes consisting of Yuchi, Koasati, Alabama, Coosa, Tuskeegee, Coweta, Cusseta, Chehaw (Chiaha), Hitchiti, Tuckabatchee, Oakfuskee, and many others.
The basic social unit is the city ( idalwa ). Abihka, Coosa, Tuckabutche, and Coweta are the four "capitals" of Muscogee Confederacy. Traditionally, Cusseta and Coweta bands are regarded as the earliest members of Muscogee Nation. The Lower City, along the Chattahoochee, Flint and Apalachicola rivers, and further east along the Ocmulgee and Oconee rivers, are Coweta, Cusseta (Kasihta, Cofitachiqui), Upper Chehaw (Chiaha), Hitchiti, Oconee, Ocmulgee, Okawaigi, Apalachee, Yamasee (Altamaha), Ocfuskee, Sawokli, and Tamali.
The Upper Town, located on the Coosa River, Tallapoosa and Alabama, is Tuckabatchee, Abhika, Coosa (Kusa, dominant in East Tennessee and North Georgia during Spanish exploration), Itawa (native Etowah Indian Mounds), Hothliwahi (Ullibahali), Hilibi , Eufaula, Wakokai, Atasi, Alibamu, Coushatta (Koasati; they have permeated Kaski/Casqui and Tali), and Tuskegee ("Napochi" in the chronicle de Luna).
The most important leader in the Muscogee community is mico or the village head. Micos leads the soldiers in battle and represents their village, but holds the authority only to the extent that they can persuade others to approve of their decisions. Micos ruled with the help of the mystique or the lower head, and various advisors, including the second person called heniha , respected village elders. , drug men, and a tustunnuggee or rank soldier, the main military adviser. The yahola or a connoisseur is unveiled at various rituals, including giving away black drinks, used in purification ceremonies.
The most important social unit is the clan. The clan organizes hunting, distributing land, arranging marriages, and punishing offenders. The authority of micos is complemented by clan mothers, mostly elderly women. Muscogees have a matrilineal kinship system, with children thought to be born into their mother's clan, and the inheritance is through the mother line. The Wind Clan is the first of the clans. The majority of the clans micos belong to this clan.
English, French and Spanish expansions
Britain, France, and Spain all set up colonies in today's southeastern forest area. Spain established Jesuit missions and related settlements to influence Native Americans. English and French choose trading on conversions. In the 17th century, Franciscan friars in Florida Spain built missions along the Gulf of Apalachee. In 1670 British settlers from Barbados founded Charles Town (Charleston), the new provincial capital of Carolina. Merchants from Carolina went to the Muscogee settlement to exchange the flintlocks, gunpowder, axes, glass beads, cloths and West Indian rums for the white-tailed deer skin for the English leather industry, and Indian slaves for the Caribbean sugar plantations. The Spaniards and their "Indian missionaries" burned most of the city along Chattahoochee after they welcomed the Scottish explorer Henry Woodward in 1685. In 1690, the British established a trading post on the Ocmulgee River, known as the Ochese-hatchee, a dozen cities were moved to escape from Spain and buy British merchandise. The name "Creek" is most likely derived from Ocheese Creek and is widely applicable to all Muscogee Confederacy, including Yuchi and Natchez.
In 1704-06, Governor Carolina Colonel James Moore led the colonial militia and Ochese Creek and Yamasee warriors in an attack that destroyed the Spanish mission in the interior of Florida. They captured about 10,000 unarmed "Indian missions", Timucua and Apalachee, and sold them into slavery. With Florida inhabited, British merchants paid other tribes to attack and enslave Yamasee, leading to the Yamassee War of 1715-17.
Ochese Creeks joins Yamasee, burns a trading post, and robs settlers in other countries, but the insurgency thins on gunpowder and is dropped by the Carolinian militia and their Cherokee allies. The Yamasee took refuge in Florida Spain, the Ochese River fled west to Chattahoochee. The French Canadian explorer founded Mobile as the first capital of Louisiana in 1702, and took advantage of the war to build Fort Toulouse at the Tallapoosa and Coosa meeting in 1717, trading with Alabama and Coushatta. Fearing that they would be under French influence, Britain reopened deer skin trade with the Lower River, which made Yamasee angry, now a Spanish ally. The French incite the Upper River to attack the Lower River. In May 1718, the intelligent Brim Emperor, mico of the powerful Coweta band, invited British, French and Spanish representatives to his village and, in the council with the leaders of Upper and Lower Creek, declared the policy of Neutrality Muscogee in their colonial rivalry. That year, the Spaniards built the San Marcos de Apalache presidio in Apalachee Bay. In 1721, the British built Fort King George at the mouth of the Altamaha River. When three European imperial powers establish themselves along the border of the Muscogee lands, the latter neutrality strategy allows them to hold the balance of power.
The Georgian colony was created in 1732; Its first settlement, Savannah, was established the following year, on a river cliff where Yamacraw, the band of Yamasee who remained a British ally, allowed John Musgrove to establish a feather trade post. His wife, Mary Musgrove, is the daughter of a British merchant and a Muscogee woman of a powerful Wind Clan, her stepbrother 'Emperor'. He is the main translator for Georgia founder and first Governor James Oglethorpe, using his connections to foster peace between Indian Creek and the new colony. The deer skin trade grew, and in the 1750s, Savannah exported up to 50,000 deerskins a year.
In 1736, Spanish and British officials established a neutral zone from Altamaha to the St. Johns in Florida today, secures a genuine hunting ground for deer skin trade and protects Florida Spain from further British encroachment. Ca.1750 a group of Ochese moved into a neutral zone, after clashing with Muskogee-speaking Chattahoochee towns, where they fled after the Yamasee War.
Led by Chief Secoffee (Cowkeeper), they became the center of a new tribal confederation, Seminole, which grew to include early refugees from the Yamasee War, remnants of the 'Indian mission', and escaped from African slaves. Their name comes from the Spanish word cimarrones , which originally refers to domestic animals that have returned to the wild. Cimarrones used by Spanish and Portuguese to refer to the fugitive slaves - "maroon" appears linguistically from this root too - and American Indians are fleeing from European colonizers. In Hitchiti, which has no 'r' sound, it becomes simanoli , and finally Seminole.
Intermarriage
Many leaders of Muscogee Creek, after contact with Europeans, have British names: Alexander McGillivray, Josiah Francis, William McIntosh, Peter McQueen, William Weatherford, William Perryman, and others. It reflects Muscogee women having children with British colonists. For example, Indian agent Benjamin Hawkins married a Muscogee woman. In the Muscogee culture, unmarried Muscogee women have great freedom over their own sexuality compared to their European and European-American counterparts.) Under the customs of Musrilim Musriline society, their children belong to their mother clan. With the exception of McGillivray, the mixed Muscogees are fighting against Muscogee Creek's interest, because they understand it; on the contrary, in many cases they pioneered resistance to British and later American expansion. That they usually speak English as well as Creek, and know European custom also, make them community leaders; they "dominate Muskogee politics". As Claudio Saunt provides:
This breed of mixed marriage occupies a different position in the Deep South economy than most Creeks and Seminoles. They work as traders and factors.... Based on their ancestors and their upbringing, they have greater cultural, social, linguistic, and geographic ties to colonial settlements, traveling regularly to Pensacola and Georgia trading posts to dismantle their skin and take more trade goods.
As Andrew Frank wrote, "The terms as a mixture of blood and half-breeds, which imply the racial categories and parts of India, betrayed the ways in which indigenous tribes define kinship and identity in the southeast of the 18th century and early- nineteen."
American Revolutionary War
With the end of the French and Indian War (also known as the Seven Years War) in 1763, the French lost the kingdom of North America, and the British-American settlers moved into the interior. India's discontent caused raids on settlers behind the country, and the perception that the royal government preferred the Indians and the deer skin trade caused many white settlers to rejoin the Sons of Liberty. The concerns of land-hungry settlers and the need for European manufactured goods led to Muscogee siding with the British, but like many tribes, they were divided by factionalism, and, in general, avoiding ongoing combat, preferring to protect their sovereignty through careful participation.
During the American Revolution, Upper Creeks sided with Britain, fought alongside Chickamauga (Lower Cherokee) Dragging Canoe soldier, in the Cherokee-American war, against white settlers in Tennessee today. The alliance is governed by the head of Coushatta Alexander McGillivray, son of Lachlan McGillivray, a wealthy Scottish merchant and grasshopper grower, whose property is seized by Georgia. His former partner, Scottish-Scottish Patriot George Galphin, initially persuaded the Lower River to remain neutral, but Loyalist Captain William McIntosh led a group of pro-British Hitchiti, and most of the Lower Creeks were nominally allied to England after 1779 Capture of Savannah. The Muscogee fighters fought on behalf of the British during the Mobile and Pensacola campaign of 1780-81, in which Spain reconquered West West Florida. Leader loyalist Thomas Brown raised the King's Rangers division to challenge the Patriot's control over Georgian and Carolina interiors and instigated the Cherokee attack against North Carolina back after the Battle of King's Mountain. He captured Augusta in March 1780, with the help of an Upper Creek war party, but reinforcements from Lower Creeks and local white Loyalists never came, and the Georgian militia led by Elijah Clarke retook Augusta in 1781. The following year the Upper Creek war - party attempts to free British garrisons in Savannah were attacked by Continental Army troops under General 'Mad' Anthony Wayne.
After the war ended in 1783, Muscogee learned that the British had surrendered their land to the now independent United States. That year, two Lower Creek chiefs, Hopoithle Miko (King Tame) and Eneah Miko (Fat King), handed over 800 square miles (2,100 km 2 ) land to the state of Georgia. Alexander McGillivray led the pan-India resistance against the white encroachment, receiving weapons from Spain in Florida to fight the intruders. McBillivray bilingual and bicultural works to create a sense of Muscogee nationalism and centralize political authority, struggling against village leaders who individually sell land to the United States. He also became a landlord and wealthy merchant, possessing as many as sixty black slaves.
In 1784, he negotiated the Pensacola Treaty with Spain, recognizing Muscogee control over 3,000,000 acres (12,000Ã, km 2 ) from land claimed by Georgia, and guaranteeing access to British company Panton, Leslie & amp; Co that controls deer skin trade, while making himself an official representative of Spain. In 1786, a council at Tuckabatchee decided to fight against the white population on the Muscogee ground. War parties attacked settlers along the Oconee River, and Georgia mobilized its militia. McGillivray refused to negotiate with the state that had confiscated his father's estate, but President George Washington sent a special envoy, Colonel Marinus Willet, who persuaded him to travel to New York City, the US capital, and deal directly with the federal government. In the summer of 1790, McGillivray and 29 other Muscogee heads signed the New York Agreement, on behalf of 'Up, Middle and Lower Creek and Seminole composing Indian Creek,' giving up most of their land to federal government and promising to return fugitive slaves, in return the federal recognition of Muscogee's sovereignty and promise to drive out white settlers. McGillivray died in 1793, and with the discovery of white settlers of gin cotton on the Western border who hoped to become cotton planters shouting for Indian lands. In 1795, Elijah Clarke and several hundred followers opposed the New York Agreement and established the short-lived Trans-Oconean Republic.
Muscogee and Choctaw land disputes (1790)
In 1790, Muscogee and Choctaw came into conflict over land near the Noxubee River. Both countries agreed to settle the dispute with a ball game. With nearly 10,000 players and spectators, both countries prepare for nearly three months. After a long, long struggle, Muscogee won the game. Fights broke out and both countries fought until the sun set with nearly 500 dead and many more wounded.
State of Muskogee and William Bowles
William Augustus Bowles was born into a wealthy Maryland Tory family, enrolled with Maryland Loyalists Battalion at the age of 14 and became a banner at the Royal Navy at the age of 15. The cashier for neglecting the task after returning late to his ship in Pensacola, Bowles escaped northward and found shelter among the towns of Lower Creek in the Chattahoochee valley. He married two wives, one Cherokee and another a daughter of Hitchiti Muscogee chief William Perryman, and then used this union as a basis for his claim to use political influence among the tributaries. In 1781, 17-year-old Bowles led the Muscogee troops at the Battle of Pensacola. After seeking refuge in the Bahamas, he went to London. He was accepted by King George III as 'Head of the Embassy for Creek and Cherokee Nations'; it was with British backing that he again trained Muscogee as a pirate to attack Spanish ships.
In 1799, Bowles formed the Muskogee State, with the support of Chattahoochee Creeks and Seminoles. He founded his capital at Miccosuki, a village on the shores of Lake Miccosukee near Tallahassee now. It's ruled by Mico Kanache, her father-in-law and the strongest ally. Bowles envisioned the Muskogee State, with its capital at Miccosuki, which covers most of today's Florida, Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, and Tennessee, and incorporates the Cherokee River, Up and Down, Chickasaw and Choctaw. Bowles' first act was to declare the Second Covenant of 1796 San Ildefonso which drew the line between US and West Florida, null and void, because the Indians were not consulted.
He denounces the agreements Alexander McGillivray has negotiated with Spain and the United States, threatening to declare war on the United States unless he returns the Muscogee lands, and executes death sentences against Indian agent George Benjamin Hawkins, who won the loyalty of Lower Creeks. He built a small navy, and invaded Spanish ships in the Gulf of Mexico, and, in 1800, declared war on Spain, briefly captured the presidio post and trade of San Marcos de Apalache before being forced to retreat. Although the Spanish troops that set out to destroy Mikosuki got lost in the swamps, a second attempt to take on San Marcos ended in disaster. After the European ceasefire led to the loss of British support, Bowles was discredited. Seminole signed a peace treaty with Spain. The following year, he was betrayed by Hawkins Lower Creek supporters on the tribal council. They turned Bowles to Spain, and he died in prison in Havana, Cuba two years later.
Pre-deletion (end of 18th-early 19th centuries)
George Washington, the first US President, and Henry Knox, the first Secretary of the US War, proposed a transformation of Native American culture. Washington believes that Native Americans are equal to individuals but their communities are inferior. He formulated a policy to encourage the "cultivating" process, and it was continued under President Thomas Jefferson. The famous historian Robert Remini wrote, "[T] hey assume that once Indians adopt private property practices, build houses, farm, educate their children, and embrace Christianity, this Native American will win the acceptance of white Americans. " Washington's six-point plan includes impartial justice against the Indians; purchases regulated on Indian land; trade promotion; promotion of experiments to civilize or enhance Indian society; the presidential authority to give gifts; and punish those who violate India's rights. Muscogee will become the first "civilized" American native under Washington's six-point plan. The Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, and Seminole will follow Muscogee's efforts to implement Washington's new civilization policy.
In 1796, Washington appointed Benjamin Hawkins as the General Controller of Indian Affairs that handled all tribes in the southern Ohio River. He personally took over the role of the main agent to Muscogee. He moved to what is now Crawford County in Georgia. He began to teach farming practices to the tribe, starting a farm at his home on the Flint River. Later, he took slaves and workers, cleansed several hundred hectares, and set up factories and trading posts and fields.
For years, Hawkins met leaders on the porch to talk things over. He is responsible for the longest period of peace between settlers and tribes, overseeing 19 years of peace. In 1805, Lower Creeks surrendered their land east of Ocmulgee to Georgia, with the exception of a sacred burial mound in Ocmulgee Old Fields. They allow Federal Road to connect New Orleans to Washington, D.C. which will be built through their territory. A number of Muscogee tribesmen obtained slaves and made cotton estates, mills, and businesses along Federal Road. In 1806, Fort Benjamin Hawkins was built on a hill overlooking the Old Fields Ocmulgee, to protect an expanding settlement and serve as a reminder of US rules.
Hawkins was disappointed and shocked by the outbreak of the War of the Creek, which destroyed his life's work of improving Muscogee's quality of life. Hawkins saw much of his work towards building a destroyed peace in 1812. A Muscogee faction joined the Tenskwatawa and Tecumseh Pan-American Indians, refusing accommodation with white settlers and European-American cultural adaptations. Although Hawkins personally was never attacked, he was forced to watch an internal civil war between Muscogees that developed into a war with the United States.
A comet, earthquake, and Tecumseh (1811)
A comet appeared in March 1811. Leader Shawnee Tecumseh, whose name means "falling star", traveled to Tuckabatchee, where he told Muscogee that the comet signaled his arrival. McKenney reports that Tecumseh will prove that the Great Spirit has sent him by giving Muscogee a sign. Shortly after Tecumseh left the Southeast, the sign arrived as promised in the form of an earthquake.
On December 16, 1811, the earthquake of New Madrid rocked the land of Muscogee and Midwest. While the interpretation of these events varies from one tribe to another, one consensus is universally accepted: a terrible earthquake must mean something. The earthquakes and aftershocks helped the Tecumseh resistance movement convincingly, not only Muscogee, but also other Native American tribes, that Shawnee should be supported.
Muscogee who joined the Tecumseh Confederation was known as the Red Wand. Stories about the origins of the name of the Red Wand vary, but one of them is that they are named for the Muscogee tradition of carrying a bundle of sticks that marks the day until an event occurs. The red painted sticks represent the war.
Red Stick Rebellion
The Creek War of 1813-1814, also known as the Red Cricket War, began as a civil war in the Muscogee State, only to become entangled in the War of 1812. Inspired by the leader of Shawnee Tecumseh (to whom the century-old writers nineteen linking the fiery speeches he "had to say") and their own religious leaders, and encouraged by British merchants, Red Stick leaders such as William Weatherford (Red Eagle), Peter McQueen, and Menawa won support from the city - Upper Creek City. Allied with Britain, they opposed white encroachment on Muscogee lands and a "civilization program" run by Indian agent Benjamin Hawkins, and clashed with many of the leading Muscogee Nation leaders, notably William McIntosh's Lower Creek Mico. from Hawkins. Their opponents, seeking a peaceful relationship with white settlers, are known as the White Wand. Before the Civil War Muscogee began, the Red Wand tried to keep their activities secret from the old leaders. They were brave when Tecumseh gathered his followers and joined the British invasion to capture Fort Detroit in August 1812.
In February 1813, a small party of Red Sticks, led by Little Warrior, returned from Detroit when they killed two settler families along the Duck River, near Nashville. Hawkins demanded that the Muscogees hand over Little Warrior and his six friends. Instead of handing the marauders to a federal agency, the Big Warrior and the old leaders decided to execute the war party. This decision is a spark that triggered a civil war between Muscogees.
The first clash between the Red Wand and the white-skinned Americans took place on July 21, 1813, when a group of American soldiers from Fort Mims (north of Mobile, Alabama) stopped a Red Stick feast coming back from West Florida, where they had bought ammunition from the Spanish governor in Pensacola. The Red Sticks escaped from the scene, and US soldiers looted what they found, allowing the Red Staff to regroup and retaliate with a sudden attack that forced the Americans to retreat. The Battle of the Burned Corn, when the exchange became known, expanded the Civil War Creek to include American troops, and was interpreted as a good omen, showing that actually the River people could defeat white people.
On August 30, 1813, Red Sticks led by Red Eagle William Weatherford attacked Fort Mims, where white settlers and their Indian allies gathered. The Red Stick catches the castle in shock, and carries out massacres, killing men, women, and children. They only freed the black slaves they took as booty caught. After the Indians killed nearly 250-500 in the castle, the settlers along the US southwestern border were in a panic. Although the Red Wand won the battle, they lost the war.
Mass Killing Massacres were followed two days later by the smaller Kimbell-James Massacre.
The Upper Creek soldiers were illiterate, uneducated in European sense, never traveling, and had never seen a white settlement bigger than a small town of Mobile, and not many of them had ever seen it. They do not know about their enemies. That the United States can collect thousands of troops they never imagined. Few have ever seen a thousand men in their lives. To decline militarily the United States may be ethically admirable, but because of the different resources, it is politically suicidal. Some tribes in Alabama take the United States? They do not know what the United States is. The counterproductive retaliation of Fort Mims (for Indians) must be on the list of major military errors. More than any other event, it marked the dividing line between the period in which Native Americans learned to be good citizens in the eyes of the white community, and where the Indians became a problem to be eliminated. This confirms all the worst stereotypes about Native Americans: they are indeed "bloodthirsty men", otherwise why are they forced to commit such a massacre? It's like kicking a sleeping dog (United States), and consequently India's abolition is a policy of the United States and a factor in its politics. However, getting rid of the Indians (sending them west of the Mississippi) was more difficult than the United States had expected, and changed its political landscape.
The only explanation of this catastrophic event is that the leaders of Upper Creek think that fighting against the United States is like fighting with other Creek tribes, and taking the Fort Mims is a bigger victory than the Battle of the Grilled Corn.
The Victory of the Red Wand spread panic throughout the southeastern United States, and cries of "Remember Fort Mims!" popular among the public who want revenge. With Federal troops tied to the northern fronts against Britain in Canada, Tennessee, Georgia, and Mississippi Territory militia assigned and invaded the Upper Creek cities. They join Indian allies, Lower Creek under William McIntosh and Cherokee under Major Ridge. Being outnumbered and less armed, too far from Canada or the Gulf Coast to accept British aid, the Red Wand undertook desperate resistance. On March 27, 1814, General Andrew Jackson's militia in Tennessee, assisted by the 39th U. Infantry Regiment and Cherokee and Lower Creek, destroyed the Red Wand at the Battle of the Horseshoe at the Tallapoosa River. Though the Red Wand has been strongly defeated and about 3,000 Muscogees Up killed in the war, the remnants lasted several months longer.
Diaspora Muscogee (1814)
In August 1814, the Red Sticks surrendered to Jackson in Wetumpka (near the present Montgomery, Alabama) city. On August 9, 1814, the state of Muscogee was forced to sign the Fort Jackson Treaty. It ended the war and required the tribe to surrender some 20 million hectares (81,000 km 2 ) of land - more than half of their ancestral territorial holdings - to the United States. Even those who fought alongside Jackson were forced to hand over the land, as Jackson asked them to be responsible for allowing the Red Staff to rebel. The state of Alabama was created largely from the Red Stick domain and was accepted in the United States in 1819.
Many Muscogees refused to give up and fled to Florida. They are allied with the rest of the tribe, becoming Seminole. The Muscogee then involved on both sides of the Seminole Wars in Florida.
Seminole War
The Red Stick refugees who arrived in Florida after the War Creek tripled the Seminole population, and reinforced the characteristics of the tribal Muscogee. In 1814, British troops landed in West Florida and began arming Seminoles. Britain had built a strong fortress on the Apalachicola River at Prospect Bluff, and in 1815, after the end of the War of 1812, offered it, with all its armaments (muskets, cannons, powders, shots, cannonballs) to locals: Seminoles and marun (escaped slaves ). Several hundred maroon consisted of uniformed Colonial Marines Corps, who had military training, but not yet perfect, and discipline (but whose British officers had departed). Seminole just wanted to go back to their village, so maroon became the owner of the Citadel. Soon to come to be called 'Negro Fort' by the South planters, and it is widely known among the slaves of black by word of mouth - a place nearby where blacks are free and have weapons, as in Haiti. The owners of a pro-slave white plantation rightly perceive its modest existence, inspire escape or rebellion by oppressed African-Americans, and they complain to the US government. Marunon has not received training on how to drive Fort cannons. After informing the Spanish governor, who had very limited resources, and who said he had no orders to take action, US General Andrew Jackson quickly destroyed Fort, in a famous and beautiful, though tragic, incident in 1816 which had been called " the deadliest cannon in American history "(see Battle of Negro Fort).
Seminole continued to accept black slaves of fugitive and attacked American settlers, leading the United States to declare war in 1817. The following year, General Andrew Jackson invaded Florida with troops covering more than 1,000 Lower Creek soldiers; they destroyed the towns of Seminole and captured Pensacola. Jackson's victory forced Spain to sign the Adams-Ons Agreement in 1819, handing Florida to the United States. In 1823, a Seminole chief delegation met with new US governor Florida, expressing their opposition to a proposal that would reunite them with Hulu and Bawah. Creek, partly because the latter tribes intend to enslave the Black Seminoles. Instead, Seminoles agreed to move to a reservation in the interior of central Florida.
Indian Springs Agreement
Mico William McIntosh led Lower Creek warriors who fought with the United States in the Creek War and First Seminole War. The son of a Loyalist officer of the same name who has recruited a group of Hitchiti to England, McIntosh never knew his white father. He had family ties with several Georgian planting elites, and after the war became a rich cotton grower. Through his mother, he was born in the prominent Wind Clan of the Creek; because Creek has a hereditary and matrilineal system of inheritance, he reaches the chief of the tribe because of him. He is also associated with Alexander McGillivray and William Weatherford, both of the Creek mixed breeds.
In the late 1810s and early 1820s, McIntosh helped create a centralized police force called 'Law Menders,' established written legislation, and formed the National Creek Council. Later in the decade, he thought the relocation was inevitable. In 1821, McIntosh and several other leaders signed the Lower Creek land east of the Flint River in the first Treaty of Indian Springs. As a reward, McIntosh was awarded 1,000 acres (4Ã,km 2 ) at the agreement site, where he built the hotel to attract tourists to the local hot spring.
The National Council of Creek responded by prescribing the death penalty for tribes who surrendered additional land. Georgian settlers continue to pour into Indian soil, especially after the discovery of gold in northern Georgia. in 1825 McIntosh and his first cousin, Georgian Governor George Troup, a prominent advocate of Indian transfer, signed the second Indian Springs Treaty at his hotel. Signed by six other Lower Creek chiefs, the treaty handed over the last Lower Creek land to Georgia, and allocated a large sum to relocate Muscogee to the Arkansas River. This is provided for the same large payments directly to McIntosh.
In April, the old Red Wand Menawa led around 200 Laws of Menders to kill McIntosh according to their laws. They burned the Chattahoochee plantation on it. A delegation of the National Council of the Creek, headed by an Opothleyahola speaker, traveled to Washington D.C. to protest the 1825 treaty. They convinced President John Quincy Adams that the treaty was invalid, and negotiated a more favorable Washington Treaty (1826). The tribe surrendered their land to Georgia in exchange for $ 200,000, though they were not required to move west. Troup ignored the new agreement and ordered the eviction of Muscogee from their remaining land in Georgia without compensation, mobilizing the state militia when Adams threatened federal intervention.
Removal (1834)
As the tail of the Fort Jackson Treaty and the Washington Covenant (1826), the Muscogee is confined to a small piece of land in eastern Alabama today.
Andrew Jackson was elected president of the United States in 1829, and with the inauguration of the government's attitude towards the Indians became more violent. Jackson abandoned his predecessor policies treating different Indian groups as separate countries. Instead, he aggressively pursued plans to move all the Indian tribes living east of the Mississippi River to Oklahoma.
At Jackson's request, the US Congress opened a heated debate about Indian Removal Bill. In the end, the bill passed, but the ballot was near. The Senate passed steps 28 to 19, while in the House roared, 102 to 97. Jackson signed the law into law 30 June 1830.
After the Indian Removal Act, in 1832 the National Council of Creek signed the Cusseta Treaty, handing over their remaining land east of the Mississippi to the US, and receiving relocation to the Indian Territory. Most Muscogees were transferred to the Indian Territory during the Tears Trail in 1834, although some remained behind.
Some Muscogees in Alabama live near the legally recognized Poarch Creek Reservation at Atmore (Northeast Mobile), and Muscogee lives in ethnically undocumented ethnic cities in Florida. Alabama's reservations include a casino and 16-story hotel. The Creek tribe holds an annual powwow on Thanksgiving Day. In addition, Muscogee's descendants from different levels of acculturation live throughout the southeastern United States.
American Civil War (1861)
In the outbreak of the American Civil War, Opothleyahola refused to form an alliance with the Confederacy, unlike many other tribes, including many from the Lower River. Runaway slaves, free blacks, Chickasaw and Seminole Indians began to gather at the Opothleyahola plantation, where they hoped to remain neutral in the conflict between North and South. On August 15, 1861, Opothleyahola and Chief Micron Hutko contacted President Abraham Lincoln to ask for help for Union loyalists. On September 10, they received a positive response, saying the United States government would help them. The letter directs the Opothleyahola to move its people to Fort Row in Wilson County, Kansas, where they will receive asylum and assistance. They are known as Loyalists, and many are members of the traditional Snake band in the latter part of the century.
Since many people of Muscogee Creek supported the Confederacy during the Civil War, the US government needed a new treaty with the nation in 1866 to define peace after the war. It takes a Creek to free their slaves and recognize them as full members and citizens of Creek, the same as Creek Creek in receiving old age benefits and land allowances. They came to be known as Creek Freedmen. The US government requires the removal of some of Creek's reservation land to be given to those who are released. Many tribes reject this change. The loss of land contributed to the problem for the nation at the end of the 19th century.
The Loyalists among the Creek tend to be traditionalists. They form the core of a band known as the Snake, which also includes many Freedmen Creek. At the end of the century, they rejected the destruction of tribal governments and the dissolution of communal tribal lands endorsed by the US Congress with the Dawes Commission in 1892. These efforts were part of the US government's attempts to impose assimilation on the tribes, to introduce ownership of domestic land, and to remove legal barriers to statehood in Indian territory. Creek Country Members are registered as individuals on the Dawes Roll; The Commission separately lists white people who have been married and Creek Freedmen, whether they have descendants of the Creek or not. This destroys their claims to Creek membership later, even for people who have parents or other relatives who are Creek. The Dawes scroll has been used as the basis for many tribes to establish membership. The European-American settlers have moved to the area and urge the state and access to some tribal land for settlements.
Maps Muscogee
Culture
The culture of muscogee has evolved over the centuries, combining most of the European-American influence; However, interaction with Spain, France, and England is very shaping as well. They are known for their rapid merging of modernity, developing written language, transitioning to yeoman farming methods, and accepting European-American and African-American into their societies. Muscogee continues to preserve chaya and share dynamic tribal identity through events such as annual festivals, ball games, and language classes. Stomp dance and Green Corn Ceremony are revered meetings and rituals.
Clan
While the family includes people who are directly related to each other, the clan consists of all those who are descendants of the same ancestral clan group. Like many native American countries, Muscogee Creek is matrilineal; everyone belongs to his mother's clan, which includes his mother's clan. Heritage and property are passed through the mother line. Hereditary leaders are born into certain clans.
The biological father is important in the family system but must come from other clans than the mother. However, in the clan, it is the mother's sister (the mother's closest blood relation) that serves as the main teacher, protector, discipline and role model for children, especially for boys. Clan members do not claim "blood relations" but regard each other as family because of their membership in the same clan. This was revealed by them using the same kinship title for both family and clan relations. For example, clan members around the same age regard each other as "brother" and "sister", even though they have never met before. Muscogee clans are as follows:
Because of this system, Muscogee Creek children born to European fathers belong to their mother clan and are part of their tribal community. The high commanders often found it advantageous to marry European merchants, who could provide goods for their families. Muscogee Creek believes young men educated in the European way can help them manage under new conditions associated with colonialism, while preserving the important Muscogee Creek cultural institutions.
Clothing
The ancestors of Muscogee wear clothing made of woven or animal skin, depending on the climate. During the summer, they prefer a light cloth woven from bark, grass, or reeds. During the harsh winter, they use animal skin and feathers for warmth.
During the 17th century, Muscogee adopted some European fashion and material elements. The fabric is lighter and more colorful than deer skin, quickly becoming a popular trading item throughout the region. The fabric trade in various patterns and textures allows Muscogee women to develop new styles of clothing, which they make for men, women, and children. They include European merchandise such as bells, silk ribbons, glass beads, and mirror pieces into clothing.
Language
The Muscogee language is a member of the Muskogean family and is well known among frontiersmen, such as Gideon Lincecum, from the early 19th century. This language is related to the Choctaw language, with some identical words in the pronunciation. The following table is an example of the Muscogee text and its translation:
Agreement
Land is the most valuable asset, which by Native Americans held in collective surveillance. The southern British colonies, the US government and settlers systematically acquired Muscogee land through tracts, legislation, and warfare. Some agreements, such as the San Lorenzo Agreement, indirectly affect Muscogee. The agreement is:
Indian Indian Appropriations Act of 1871
In 1871, Congress added a rider to the Indian Appropriations Act to end the recognition of Indian tribes or countries, and prohibit additional agreements.
The Muscogee tribe today
The Coushatta tribe of Louisiana is the Muscogee tribe, a descendant of the Koasati, as are the Alabama-Coushatta tribes of Texas.
Federal-recognized tribes in Oklahoma
The Muscogee (Creek) Nation is a federally recognized Indian Nation. Their headquarters are in Okmulgee, Oklahoma and their current Headmaster is James Floyd.
The three cities of the Muscogee tribe are a federally recognized tribe: Alabama-Quassarte, Kialegee, and Thlopthlocco. The city of Alabama-Quassarte Sultanate headquartered is Wetumka, Oklahoma and its leader is Tarpie Yargee. Kialegee Tribal Town is headquartered in Wetumka, and Jeremiah Hoia is the current of mekko or head. The Thlopthlocco Tribal Town is headquartered in Okemah, Oklahoma. George Scott is a mekko.
Federally recognized tribes in Alabama
Eddie L. Tullis led the Poarch Band of Creek Indians in petitioning the US government to recognize government-to-government relations. On August 11, 1984, these efforts culminated in the United States Government, the Department of the Interior, and the Indian Affairs Bureau which recognized that the Forwarders of Indian Creek existed as "Indians". The tribe is the only federally recognized tribe in the state of Alabama. On November 21, 1984, the US government took 231.54 hectares (0.9370 km 2 ) land became a trust for the tribe as a communal holding. On April 12, 1985, 229.54 acres (0.9289 km 2 ) was declared a reservation.
Country-recognized tribes
Alabama:
- Cher-O-Creek Intra Indian Tribe
- Ma-Chis Lower Creek Ethnic Indian (requested for federal recognition 6/27/83, recognition declined 8/18/88)
- Clan Stars from the Muscogee Creeks
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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