The English Mastiff is a very large breed of dog (often known as Mastiff) probably derived from ancient Alaunt and Pugnaces Britanniae, with significant input from Alpine Mastiff in the 19th century. Distinguished by its enormous size, large head, short coat in a limited variety of colors, but always featuring a black mask, Mastiff is known for its gentle and loving nature. The modern puppy pedigree can be traced back to the early 19th century, but the modern type was stabilized in the 1880s and refined since then. After a period of sharp decline, Mastiff has increased its popularity worldwide. Throughout its history, Mastiff has contributed to the development of a number of dog breeds, some commonly known as Mastiff dogs, or, confusingly, just like "Mastiffs".
Video English Mastiff
Appearance
With a large body, the skull is wide and the head is generally square-shaped, it is the largest breed of dog in terms of mass. The average is slightly heavier than Saint Bernard, although there is considerable overlap between the two races. Although Irish Wolfhound and Great Dane can be more than six inches taller, they are not as strong.
A large body with great depth and breadth, especially between the forelegs, causes this to be wide apart. The length of the body taken from the point of the shoulder to the buttock is greater than the height at the withers. High standard AKC (per their website) for this type is 30 inches (76 cm) on the shoulders for men and 27.5 inches (70 cm) (minimum) on the shoulders for women. Ordinary men can weigh 150-250 pounds (68-113 kg), ordinary women can weigh 120-200 pounds (54-91 kg), with very large individuals reaching 130 kg (286 lb) or more.
Standard color coat
The former standard specified coat should be short and side by side. Long-haired mastiff, called "Fluffies", is sometimes seen, due to recessive genes, but this trait is not accepted by the kennel club. The colors are apricot-fawn, silver-fawn, fawn, or dark fawn-brindle, always in black on muzzle, ears, and nose and around the eyes.
The colors of the Mastiff coat are differently described by various kennel clubs, but are essentially yellowish or apricot chocolate, or they are the basis for black stripes. Black mask must occur in all cases. The color of yellowish brown is generally bright silver, but can range up to golden yellow. Apricots may be slightly reddish to deep reds. The ideal stripes should be heavy, flat and clear lines, but they can be light, uneven, patchy, faint or chaotic. Pied Mastiff is rare. Other non-standard colors include black, blue, and brown (brown) masks. Some Mastiff have heavy shading caused by dark hair throughout the coat or especially on the back and shoulders. This is generally not considered an error. Brindle is more dominant than solid color. The apricots are dominant over yellowish brown, although the dominance may be incomplete. Most color errors are recessive, though black is very rare in the Mastiff which has never been determined whether the allele is recessive or the dominant mutation.
The genetic basis for dog mantle variability has been widely studied, but all problems have not been resolved. On the basis of what is known (and remembering that, since the dog is a diploid animal, each location of the gene (locus) appears twice in each animal, so the question of dominance must also be solved), the possibility of the gene allowed by the Mastiff standard is A y BDE m h (k br _or_k y ) mS. It depicts a yellowish brown dog with a dark nose, not thin, masked black, non-harlequin, wrinkled or unpierced, not bubbly, and not spotted. To allow for rare exceptions, we must include "b" (a brown mask and possibly brown swelling), "d" (blue mask and possibly blue swelling), "s p " (spotting pied), and possibly "a" (black recessive). Possible combinations of homozygous brown homozygous and homozygous are pale chocolate called isabella in relatively common breeds. At Mastiff, this will appear on the mask, ears, and bulkers. The location of speculative genes may also be present, so Mastiff may be "I" (apricot) or "i" (non-apricot) and possibly "c ch " (lightening silver) or "C" (without lightening silver ). (Note that this "C locus" may not be identical to that identified in other animals, SLC45A2.)
Record size
The greatest weight ever recorded for a dog, 343 pounds (155.6 kg), belongs to an English Mastiff from England named Aicama Zorba from La Susa, although the claims of larger dogs, including Saint Bernards, Mastiffs Tibet, and Caucasian ovuchas exist. According to Guinness Book of Records 1989 edition, in March 1989, when he was 7 years old, Zorba stood 37 inches (94 cm) on his shoulders and 8 feet (3 cm) from the tip of his nose. to the tip of his tail, the size of a small donkey. After 2000, the Guinness Book of World Records stopped accepting the largest or heaviest pet records.
Maps English Mastiff
Temperament
Mastiff breed has the desired temperament, which is reflected in all formal standards and historical descriptions. Sydenham Edwards, wrote in 1800 at Cynographia Britannica :
What the Lion for the Cat Mastiff is for Dogs, the noblest of families; he stands alone, and the other sinks before him. His courage does not exceed his temperament and generosity, and in his attachment he equals his best race. His firmness is perfect; the temptation of a smaller kind will not provoke him to hate, and I've seen him come down with his Terrier or curved claws that have bitten him, without offering further injury. In a family he will allow the children to play with him, and suffer all their little jokes without guilt. The blind fury of the Bull Dog will often hurt the hands of the lord who helped him to fight, but Mastiff distinguishes perfectly, enters the field with temperament, and engages in attacks as if to be sure of success: if he defeats strength, or be beaten, his master can immediately bring him in his arms and not afraid of anything. This ancient and faithful household, the pride of our island, unites useful, brave and benign people, although sought by foreign countries and perpetuated on the continent, is almost extinct where it may be indigenous, or humiliated by a cross countless people fall from the inestimable character of the parents, who are considered worthy to enter the Roman amphitheater, and, in the presence of the world's rulers, face pard, and attack even the rulers of the savage tribe, whose courage is sublimated by the sun, and did not find enough dashing to oppose it in the Zaara desert or Numidia plains.
The American Kennel Club summarizes the Mastiff type as:
- a combination of greatness and good nature and courage and obedience. Domesticated Mastiff is a strong but gentle and faithful dog, but because of their physical size and need for space, it is best suited to country or suburban life.
Health
The Mastiff must be at all stages of development showing the breed characteristics of greed and sound, if complicated, movement. Mastiff is a very big dog that demands proper diet and exercise. Excessive racing is not recommended for the first two years of dog life, so as not to damage the growth plate in this heavy and fast-growing dog joint, which in a few weeks can earn more than 5 pounds. However, regular exercise should be done. maintained throughout the life of the dog to prevent lazy behavior and prevent a number of health problems. Soft surfaces are recommended for sleep dogs to prevent the development of calluses, arthritis, and hygroma (acute inflammatory swelling). Due to its large size, puppies are potentially doused or crushed by the mother during breastfeeding. Whelping boxes, along with careful monitoring can prevent such accidents. The average age of a Mastiff is about 7 years although it is not uncommon for some people to live up to 10-11 years.
The main problems may include hip dysplasia and gastric torsion. Smaller problems include obesity, osteosarcoma, and cystinuria. The only occasional problems found include cardiomyopathy, allergies, vaginal hyperplasia, cruciate ligament rupture, hypothyroidism, OCD, entropion, progressive retinal atrophy (PRA), and persistent pupillary membrane (PPM).
When purchasing Mastiff breeds, experts often suggest that dogs undergo tests for hip dysplasia, elbow dysplasia, thyroid, and DNA for PRA.
Mastiffs can be stored in the apartment, but care should be taken to provide adequate exercise. Mastiff should be fed 2 or 3 times a day; it is believed that one large meal per day may increase the chances of gastric torque.
History
From Ancient to Nineteenth Century
The great dogs depicted in the statues and reliefs of the sixth century BC in Assyria during the reign of the Ashurbanipal King may have some passage in the modern Mastiff ancestors, but without any obvious genetic or historical relation, this is speculative. There was a similar statue of the same region during the Kassite period nearly a thousand years earlier. These dogs may be associated with dogs fighting lions, tigers, bears, and gladiators in the Roman arena.
Of course the element in the formation of the British Mastiff was the Pugnaces Britanniae that existed at the time of Roman conquest of England. The ancient Roman poet Grattius (or Grattius Faliscus) wrote of the English dogs, describing them as superior to ancient Greek Molossus, saying:
"What if you choose to penetrate even among the English? How great is your reward, how much your profits outweigh any expenses! If you are not determined to look and deceive trickery (this is the only flaw of England blows), however also when serious work has come, when courage is to be shown, and the God of War is in a hurry summoned in the highest danger, then you can not admire the many famous Molossians. "
The changing-from-millennium Greek history, Strabo reported that dogs were exported from England for the purpose of hunting, and that these dogs were also used by the Celtic tribe as war dogs. As far as the origin of the Britanniae Pugnaces is concerned, there is unproved speculation that they were descended from dogs brought to Britain by Phoenicians in the 6th century BC.
Alaunt may have been the genetic predecessor of the British Mastiff. Introduced by Normandy, these dogs were developed by Alans, who had migrated to France (later known as Gaul) due to pressure by Hun in the early fifth century. Interestingly they were known from the Romans to live in a region (Pontic-Caspian Steppe) about 700 km to the north of the Assyrian quarters. Again, any cannine connection is speculative.
The linguistic origin of the name "Mastiff" is unclear. Many claim that it evolved from the Anglo-Saxon word "masty", meaning "powerful". Other sources, such as the Oxford English Dictionary , say the word is derived from the Old French mastin (modern French mÃÆ'Â ¢ tin ), the word itself comes from the Latin Vulgar * ma (n) suetinus "benign", see Latin Classics mansuetus with the same meaning. The first list of dog breeds in English, contained in The Book of Saint Albans , was published in 1465, including " Mastiff ". This work is associated with Prioress Juliana Berners, but some can be translated from the early 14th-century Norman-French work of Le Art de Venerie by Edward II's Huntmaster Guillaume Twici.
In 1570, Conrad Heresbach, at Rei Rusticae Libri Quatuor , refers to "Mastie who guarded the house". Heresbach writes in Latin; his work was translated several years later to English by Barnabe Googe as the Foures Bookes of Husbandrie. This work was adapted from De Re Rustica by the first-century Roman writer Columella, which highlights Roman relations. Of course from Roman times to the Middle Ages, dogs like the Mastiff were used in the sport of blood fishing, fishing, fishing, and fighting, as well as for hunting and guarding.
Dogs known as Bandogs, which are bound (close) close to the houses, are the type of Mastiff.
They were described by John Caius in 1570 as a very large, stubborn, ugly, and passionate, heavy and burdensome person.
Christopher Merret naturalist in 1666 works Pinax Rerum Naturalium Brittanicarum has a list of English mammals, including 15 species of dogs, one of which is "Molossus, Canis bellicosus Anglicus, Mastif". Literally, "Molossus, a British dog fought like, Mastiff", and probably the first merger of the Molossus and Mastiff races.
When in 1415 Sir Peers Legh was wounded in the Battle of Agincourt, his Mastiff stood and protected him for hours through the battle. The Mastiff was later returned to Legh's home and was the foundation of the Lyme Hall Mastiffs. Five centuries later, this genealogy is very prominent in establishing modern breeds. The other aristocratic chairs where Mastiff is known to have been kept are Elvaston Castle (Charles Stanhope, Earl of Harrington and his ancestors) and Chatsworth House. The owner of Mastiffs Chatsworth (who is said to be Alpine Mastiff's stock) is William Cavendish, the 5th Duke of Devonshire, known to his family as Canis . Mastiff was also kept at Hadzor Hall, owned by members of the Galton family, famous for industrialists and scientists, including Charles Darwin. Some evidence exists that the Mastiffs first came to America at the Mayflower, but further documented entries developed into America did not occur until the end of the 19th century.
From the Nineteenth Century to the First World War
In 1835, the British Parliament adopted a law called the Cruelty to the Animal Act of 1835, which prohibited the capture of animals. This may have led to an aggressive Mastiff descent used for this purpose, but Mastiffs continues to be used as a keeper for plantations and city businesses.
Systematic breeding began in the 19th century, when J.W. (John Wigglesworth) Thompson buys a bitch, Dorah, from John Crabtree, head of the animal watchdog from Kirklees Hall, whose dog is often held on behalf of his master, Sir George Armitage. Dorah was descended a portion of the animal owned by Thompson Thompson Thompson's grandfather at the beginning of this century, as well as the Mastiff of the Bold Hall line (recorded from 1705), a bitch purchased from a canal boat man, another captured by Crabtree in a fox trap, Nostal and other dogs from Walton Hall, owned by naturalist, Charles Waterton. The first stud dog of J. W. Thompson, Hector, came from a bitch cross, Juno, bought from animal seller Bill George, to a dog, Tiger, owned by Captain Fenton. None of these have genealogies, as is normal for that period. Between 1830 and 1850 he raised the offspring of these dogs and several others to produce lines with short, wide heads and large buildings that he liked.
In 1835, T.V.H. Lukey started his operation by breeding the Mastiff Alpine genie from the Chatsworth line, the Old Bob-Tailed Countess (bought from Bill White's dog dealer), to Pluto, the unknown black Mastiff belonging to the Marquis of Hertford. The result was a prostitute named Yarrow, who was married to Couchez, another Mastiff Alpine property (at the time) to White and then mated with a dappled dog also owned by White. Lukey produces animals that are taller but smaller than Thompson. After 1850, Thompson and Lukey collaborated, and the modern Mastiff was invented, though animals without genealogies or dubious pedigrees continued to be bred from the 20th century.
Another important contribution to this breed was made by a dog named Lion, owned by Captain (then Colonel) John Garnier of The Royal Engineers. He bought two Mastiffs from the previously mentioned Bill George dealer. The prostitute, Eve, bought by George at Leadenhall Market, is old enough to be dampened in gray, but a good type. The dog, Adam, is known to have originated from Lyme Hall, but was purchased at Tattersalls and suspected by Garnier of "Boarhound dashboard", the ancestral form of Great Dane. Garnier took them with him when he was assigned to Canada and brought back their pup, Lion. He grew up in Countess Lukey to produce the Governor, the source of all the existing male Mastiff lines. (Lion is also mated with Lufra, Deerhound Scotland, and their Marquis dog appears in the Deerhounds and Irish Wolfhounds genealogy.)
In the 1880s health was sacrificed to the type, which was widely associated with Ch head short, large, but stiff and masked chocolate. Crown Prince. This dog dominates all his contemporaries in terms of the number of descendants. Furthermore, Mastiff lost popularity but gained a consistency of type, with a slimmer, long-headed specimen becoming relatively less common.
Prominent among the breeders of this era that began to restore health were Edgar Hanbury and his relationship, politician and philanthropist Mark Hanbury Beaufoy, then Chairman of The Kennel Club, who culminated as a rancher with the grandson of Crown Prince Ch. Beaufort, finally exported to America.
Despite such imports, Mastiff numbers in the US continued to decline through the 1890s and early 20th century. From 1906 to 1918, only 24 Mastiffs were registered in the United States. After 1910, no one grew up in America. By the time the First World War came to an end, in addition to some exports to North America, breeds were extinct outside the United Kingdom.
After the First World War
In 1918, a dog named Beowulf, raised in Canada from British imports Priam of Wingfied and Parkgate Duchess, registered by the American Kennel Club, began the slowly re-establishment of the breed in North America. Priam and Duchess, along with fellow imports of Ch Weland, Thor of the Islands, Caractacus of Hellingly and Brutus of Saxondale, eventually donated a total of only two breeds that would produce further offspring: Buster of Saxondale and Buddy. However, there were a number of other imports in the period between the war and in the early days of the Second World War. Those still to be found in modern genealogies are 12 in number, meaning North American contributions to genes after 1945 (including Buster and Buddy) consist of 14 Mastiffs.
In the British Isles during World War II almost all Mastiff breeders stopped because of meat rationing. After the war, the puppies as they were produced largely succumbed to the canine distances, to which no vaccines were developed until 1950. Only a single bitch is produced by old stocks that survived the maturing wars, Nydia of Frithend. His father must be declared a Mastiff by the Kennel Club, because his parents are unknown, and he is considered by some to be Bullmastiff.
After the war, animals from North America (mainly from Canada) were imported into the UK. Therefore, all Mastiffs in the late 1950s descended from Nydia and the 14 Mastiffs mentioned earlier, with every line of all-male will return to Ch. Crown Prince. It has been alleged that the Mastiff grew up with other significant numerical breeds such as Bullmastiffs and St. Bernards, with the justification that this was considered a close relative of the Mastiff. In 1959, a Dogue de Bordeaux, Fidelle de Fenelon, imported from France to the United States, was listed as a Mastiff, and became the 16th animal in a post-war gene pool. Since then, this breed has gradually been restored in the UK, having attained the 28th most popular breed in the US, and is now found worldwide.
Famous Mastiff
- The "Crown Prince", the ancestor of the modern breed, owned by psychiatrist L. Forbes Winslow
- "Leo", owned by Richard Ansdell, RA, and a model for his painting "The Poacher", aka "The Poacher at Bay"
- "Lady Marton", owned by Victorian industrialist Henry Bolckow, and claimed by some as St. Bernard
- "Hercules" (a.k.a. "the Beast"), from the movie The Sandlot (played by Ch, Mtn Oaks Gunner)
- "Goliath" (a.k.a. "the Great Fear"), from the movie The Sandlot 2
- "Carlo" from "The Copper Tree Adventure", Sherlock Holmes story
- "Kazak", owned by Winston Niles Rumfoord, a rich space explorer in Kurt Vonnegut's novel The Sirens of Titan
- The English mastiff also named "Kazak" appeared in the fourth episode of the season of Un Chien Tangerine from Archer .
- "Moss" and "Jaguar", from the Japanese series Ginga: Nagareboshi Gin and the sequel Ginga Densetsu Weed
- "Mason The Mastiff", in the 2007 film Transformer
- MudgeÃ, - Henry and Mudge (children's books)
- "Chupadogra" A.K.A. "Buster" is an old English Mastiff, voiced by Sam Elliott from in the 2010 film, Marmaduke .
- "Lenny" is a British Mastiff known from the movie 2009, Hotel for Dogs
- "Ch. Semper Fi Groppetti Gargoyle" Best of Breed 2 years in a row at the Westminster Kennel Club Show at the Madison Square Garden show in New York City. He also took Group 4 there making it the only mastiff to ever win a group placement there that the owner handled.
- "Zorba", officially recognized as the longest and heaviest dog in the world.
See also
- Mastiff-type
- List of Mastiff type dog breeds
References
External links
- English Mastiff in Curlie (based on DMOZ)
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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